IMPLANTES DENTÁRIOS: REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA PLANEJAMENTO E SUCESSO A LONGO PRAZO

Abstract

Edentulism, whether partial or total, remains a relevant condition, affecting masticatory function, aesthetics, speech, and quality of life. In this context, osseointegrated dental implants have been established as a predictable and effective solution, driven by advances in materials, surface treatments, and digital technologies. Treatment success is directly related to key pillars such as reverse planning, primary stability, control of micromovements, proper management of hard and soft tissues, and prevention of complications. Osseointegration is an essential biological process, dependent on factors such as bone quality, surgical technique, and initial implant stability. Protocols such as immediate loading can reduce treatment time, provided that strict selection criteria are followed. The evolution of implants includes improvements in macrogeometry, internal connections (such as Morse taper), and surface treatments that enhance bone integration. The choice of implant type must consider anatomical, prosthetic, and aesthetic aspects. In addition, systemic and local factors, such as smoking, diabetes, periodontal history, and bone density, directly influence prognosis. A thorough preoperative assessment, including medical history, clinical examination, and imaging (such as CT scans), is essential for safe planning. In cases of bone deficiency, grafts and biomaterials are often required and are classified as autogenous, allogeneic, xenogeneic, and alloplastic, each with specific indications. Complications may occur and are divided into biological, such as peri-implantitis, and mechanical, such as prosthetic failures, reinforcing the importance of regular maintenance. Finally, emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, 3D printing, and smart implants point toward a more precise and personalized implant dentistry. In conclusion, long-term success depends on proper planning, control of risk factors, and continuous patient follow-up.