Toxoplasmose congênita: uma análise clínica e epidemiológica

Abstract

Congenital toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, presents a significant challenge to maternal and child health in Brazil, potentially leading to severe complications such as neurological damage, vision problems, and growth delay in newborns. This study aimed to analyze the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the disease, including diagnosis, prevention strategies, and treatment, as well as patterns of occurrence in the country. A descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted using notification data from 2022 to 2025 obtained from the Notification Disease Information System (SINAN/DATASUS), complemented by a literature review in databases such as PubMed and SciELO. During this period, 19,471 cases were reported, with an increase from 4,583 in 2022 to 7,172 in 2024, and 1,123 partial cases in 2025. Regional analysis revealed that the Northeast and Southeast regions accounted for over 60% of notifications, while the North, South, and Central-West regions had lower absolute numbers but significant proportional growth. This suggests the influence of socioeconomic factors, access to healthcare, laboratory coverage, and underreporting in remote areas. The increase in notifications reflects improvements in neonatal screening and greater awareness among pregnant women. The research emphasizes that effective prevention policies, prenatal screening, early diagnosis, and clinical interventions, such as the use of spiramycin and pyrimethamine with sulfadiazine, are essential. It is concluded that congenital toxoplasmosis remains a priority for epidemiological surveillance in Brazil.