Impacto das técnicas anestésicas na resposta inflamatória e no estresse oxidativo perioperatório

Abstract

This article reviews the scientific literature on the impact of anesthetic techniques on perioperative inflammatory response and oxidative stress, focusing on the comparison between different anesthetic agents and methods, as well as their clinical implications. The research was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, with the descriptors “Anesthesia, Inflammatory response, Oxidative stress, Perioperative period.” The analysis of the studies reveals that the type of anesthetic technique employed—whether general, regional, or combined—significantly influences the levels of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers during the surgical period. General anesthesia, particularly when associated with volatile agents, may induce higher release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas regional techniques, such as spinal and epidural anesthesia, tend to attenuate the systemic inflammatory response. Furthermore, the choice of anesthetic agents affects the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with drugs such as propofol exhibiting antioxidant properties. Recent studies also highlight the potential of multimodal approaches and the use of agents with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects to reduce perioperative complications and improve clinical outcomes. Understanding these interactions is essential for developing safer and more personalized anesthetic strategies capable of minimizing the inflammatory and oxidative impact of surgery.