Preeclampsia: Challenges and Impacts of Prophylaxis on Maternal and Child Health

Abstract

Introduction: Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality in Brazil. Strategies such as the use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and calcium supplementation are recommended for high-risk pregnant women. However, challenges in implementing these measures highlight the need to strengthen obstetric care and adopt evidence-based practices. Objective: To analyze the challenges and impacts of preeclampsia prophylaxis on maternal and infant health, considering professional knowledge and practices in identifying and managing this condition. Methodology: This is a narrative literature review, conducted through a bibliographic survey of protocols, guidelines, and articles indexed in the Scielo, Google Scholar, PubMed, and LILACS databases. The Health Descriptors (DeCS/MeSH) used were: “preeclampsia,” “eclampsia,” “prophylaxis,” and “challenges.” Studies addressing preeclampsia in terms of prophylaxis, diagnosis, professional knowledge, and practice, as well as challenges and impacts on maternal and infant health, were included. Results and Discussion: Preeclampsia prophylaxis includes the use of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (81-150 mg/day), initiated between 12 and 16 weeks of pregnancy for women with risk factors, and calcium supplementation (1000-1500 mg/day) in populations with low mineral intake. These measures significantly reduce the risk of severe preeclampsia and perinatal complications. However, challenges persist in implementing these strategies, such as healthcare professionals' lack of awareness of updated guidelines, fragmented care, and difficulties in accessing medications. Continuous training and standardization of protocols are essential to improve adherence and effectiveness, contributing to the reduction of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Final Considerations: Preeclampsia remains a challenge for maternal and infant health, requiring advances in prevention and management. Effective measures, such as aspirin and calcium supplementation, still face barriers. Strengthening Primary Care, professional training, and robust public policies are essential to reduce its impact and ensure better obstetric care.