Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Pathogenic Relationship and Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment

Abstract

This integrative review article explores the complex relationship between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA), focusing on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Chronic inflammation caused by acid reflux, particularly in cases of Barrett's esophagus, has been identified as a critical factor in the progression to adenocarcinoma. Additionally, obesity emerges as a significant risk factor, exacerbating GERD symptoms and increasing the predisposition to EA development. Oral microbiome modulation and diet therapy are discussed as emerging and promising therapeutic approaches, although they require further evidence for widespread clinical adoption. The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and regular endoscopic monitoring are presented as essential strategies for controlling GERD and detecting premalignant lesions early. This study concludes that the prevention and treatment of EA in GERD patients require a multidisciplinary and personalized approach, combining lifestyle changes, rigorous clinical monitoring, and appropriate therapeutic interventions.