INFLUÊNCIA DE POLIMORFISMOS NO GENE DA INSULINA E SUA RELAÇÃO COM O DIABETES GESTACIONAL

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance diagnosed during pregnancy, representing one of the most common complications in the gestational period. Its occurrence is related to insulin resistance induced by pregnancy hormones and the inability of pancreatic β-cells to meet the increased insulin demand. In addition to environmental and metabolic factors, studies indicate the influence of genetic factors, especially polymorphisms in the insulin gene (INS), associated with susceptibility to the development of the disease. This study aimed to analyze the influence of polymorphisms in the insulin gene and their relationship with gestational diabetes mellitus. The methodology consisted of a descriptive and qualitative literature review conducted through scientific articles available in the PubMed, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases, using descriptors related to genetics, gestational diabetes, and insulin resistance. The results demonstrated that certain genetic variants in the INS gene may interfere with insulin secretion and action, increasing the risk of hyperglycemia during pregnancy. It was also observed that factors such as obesity, family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and inadequate lifestyle habits may enhance the expression of these genetic factors. The discussion highlighted that polymorphisms in the insulin gene may act as important susceptibility markers for gestational diabetes mellitus, contributing to early diagnosis strategies and individualized monitoring. However, the analyzed studies showed divergences among different populations, suggesting the influence of ethnic and environmental factors on disease manifestation. It is concluded that polymorphisms in the insulin gene have a significant relationship with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus, although the disease has a multifactorial nature. Therefore, further studies are necessary to expand the understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved.