Tuberculosis: An Association Between Disease and Pulmonary Physiology

Abstract

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious bacterial disease that primarily affects the lungs, although it may also involve other organs. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmitted through the airways, especially by coughing from infected individuals. Despite therapeutic advances, TB remains an important public health problem and may lead to permanent respiratory complications.

Objectives: To perform a literature review on the mechanisms of pathogen establishment in the body and its main clinical outcomes, focusing on the progression of tuberculosis to airway obstruction and its respiratory consequences.

Methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect, and the CAPES Periodicals Portal were searched for publications from 2004 to 2024. The search focused on studies related to pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and associated respiratory sequelae, allowing the compilation of scientific evidence on the relationship between TB and pulmonary functional impairment.

Conclusion: The analyzed evidence suggests that pulmonary tuberculosis may progress to permanent structural and functional changes, especially when not diagnosed or treated early, favoring the development of COPD and progressive loss of lung function. These findings reinforce the importance of early diagnosis, adequate treatment, and respiratory follow-up to prevent long-term complications.