Epidemiological profile of head and neck cancer in Maranhão, Brazil

Abstract

Introduction: Head and neck cancer represents a significant public health problem, with high incidence and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In Brazil, the high frequency of diagnosis at advanced stages stands out, compromising the prognosis and increasing morbidity and mortality. Characterising the epidemiological and clinical profile of these patients is fundamental to supporting prevention and early diagnosis strategies. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of patients with head and neck cancer treated at a reference oncology hospital in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Methodology: This is a retrospective, descriptive, hospital-based study conducted by analysing the medical records of patients with a confirmed histopathological diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, treated between January 2012 and December 2018. Sociodemographic information, lifestyle habits, lesion anatomical location, therapeutic modality, clinical staging, and clinical evolution were collected. The data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, with absolute and relative frequencies. Results: 86 medical records were analysed, with a predominance of males (74.4%), over 40 years of age (89%), and lesions predominantly located on the tongue (36%). A high prevalence of smoking (62.8%), diagnosis at an advanced stage, and a mortality rate of 47.7% were observed. Conclusion: The findings reinforce the need for actions aimed at prevention, early diagnosis, and the expansion of access to specialised oncological care in the region.