The Genetics of Anxiety and Depression: a Systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36557/2674-8169.2026v8n2p1112-1138Keywords:
Genetics, Anxiety Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Psychiatric DisordersAbstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression, compromise an individual's mood, behavior, and functionality, being influenced by multiple factors, among which genetics play a central role. Objective: This research aimed to review and analyze gene variants, polymorphisms, gender susceptibility factors, heritability, and epigenetic aspects associated with these disorders. Methods: This is a systematic review conducted in the Medline, Cochrane, and Scielo databases between January 10 and February 10, 2025. Quantitative observational studies (cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort) with free access in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were included. The search was conducted with an impact factor greater than 1.0. Results: Fifteen studies published between 2009 and 2024 were selected, predominantly GWAS and twin studies, especially in British and American populations (29.4%). The genetic correlation of 0.82 (95% CI; 0.61–1.0) between symptoms of anxiety and depression reinforces the hereditary influence. Discussion:Gene variants related to mood regulation, neurodevelopment, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis—such as NPPC, FOXP2, PLEKHA1, DIAPH3, CRY2, and FGF20—showed a significant association with affective symptoms. Epigenetic mechanisms, including methylation of the SLC6A4 and BDNF genes, as well as dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system and activation of the galanin system, highlight the interaction between genetics and environment. Conclusion: It is concluded that genetic and epigenetic factors are determinants in the origin of anxiety and depression, with the British population standing out due to its greater representativeness and scientific impact. Future studies are needed to deepen the understanding of these mechanisms.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Eduarda Lucena Carnesela, Gabriela da Costa Batista, Alexandre Kieslich da Silva, Guilherme Liberato da Silva , André Anjos da Silva
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