Traumatic brain injury: how the correct and early approach influences and can prevent sequelae in cases of mild TBI

Abstract

Introduction: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is an important cause of neurological morbidity, with a significant impact on quality of life. Studies show that the sequelae of mTBI can be not only acute but also persistent, such as cognitive deficits, memory changes, mood, and sleep disturbances. Mechanisms such as specific intracranial hemorrhages and axonal injury are associated with the persistence of post-mTBI symptoms, and these can be detected through advanced neuroimaging and specific biomarkers. That said, even though patients may initially appear recovered from the trauma, chronic symptoms can develop, and the early implementation of standardized clinical protocols for the recognition of these injuries is crucial to prevent unfavorable outcomes. Objective: The objective of the present study was to seek, in the current literature, evidence on the impact of the early use of standardized clinical protocols in the management of mild TBI, evaluating its effectiveness in preventing neurological and cognitive sequelae, whether acute or long-term. Methodology: Through a systematic review, research was conducted to answer the following question: In patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), does the early implementation of standardized clinical assessment and management protocols, along with proper and high-quality adherence to guidelines, significantly reduce the occurrence of persistent cognitive sequelae? Conclusion: The objective of the study was partially achieved, as limitations were identified, such as heterogeneity in measurement instruments, lack of standardization in severity criteria, and underreporting issues. Therefore, standardized protocols proved to be highly relevant for the management of patients with mild TBI; however, further research and scientific evidence are needed in the field to propose a well-established protocol.