ALTERAÇÕES A NÍVEL HISTOLÓGICO DAS ALTERAÇÕES DENTÁRIAS

Abstract

The histological alterations of dental structures reflect a complex interaction between
physiological, pathological, and environmental factors, directly influencing pulpal vitality,
structural integrity, and tissue response. With aging, there is a reduction in cellularity and
vascularization, deposition of secondary and tertiary dentin, and formation of calcifications,
which compromise regenerative capacity. Alterations also occur due to trauma, infections,
periodontal diseases, and developmental anomalies, which can disorganize the enamel and
dentin matrix and alter cellular morphology. This study aimed to review recent literature (2020–
2025) on dental histological alterations and their clinical implications. The search was
conducted in the SciELO, PubMed, and BVS databases, including articles in Portuguese and
English that addressed cellular and tissue modifications under different conditions. The results
showed characteristic histological patterns in both physiological and pathological situations,
with emphasis on chronic inflammatory processes, pulp necrosis, and molecular alterations.
Genetic, environmental, and gestational factors were also identified as determinants in dental
development. The discussion indicates that age-related alterations are gradual, while
inflammatory or traumatic processes trigger rapid and intense responses. New approaches, such
as the use of biomaterials and exosomes, show promising regenerative potential. It is concluded
that understanding these alterations is essential for more accurate diagnoses, individualized
treatments, and advances in regenerative and preventive dentistry, highlighting the importance
of correlating histological, molecular, and clinical findings to achieve more effective and
conservative interventions.