Informed Consent in Medical Practice: An Integrative Review of History and Evolution

Abstract

Informed consent is a fundamental ethical and legal principle in modern medical practice, ensuring patients' right to make informed decisions about their healthcare. This study aimed to review the historical evolution of informed consent, identify the challenges faced in its implementation, particularly in emergency contexts and with vulnerable patients, and propose strategies to improve its acquisition and documentation. The methodology employed was an integrative literature review, analyzing studies published between 2020 and 2025, using descriptors related to informed consent, medical ethics, doctor-patient communication, and health technologies. The research revealed that, although informed consent has evolved from its early milestones, such as the Tuskegee Study and the Belmont Report, significant barriers still exist, such as resistance to full implementation in emergency situations and communication difficulties with vulnerable patients. Additionally, the use of digital technologies has shown potential to enhance the process, but issues like accessibility and information security remain challenges. The literature also highlights the importance of continuing education for healthcare professionals to ensure more effective application of informed consent. In conclusion, the study reinforces the need for ongoing progress in informed consent practices, focusing on clear communication, the use of appropriate technologies, and the training of healthcare professionals, ensuring the protection of patient rights and strengthening the doctor-patient relationship, particularly in challenging contexts.