Forensic DNA Collection from Dental Pulp: Fundamentals, Techniques, and Applications in Human Identification

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the importance of analyzing DNA extracted from dental pulp as a method of human identification in Forensic Dentistry and Forensic Sciences. The study discusses the biological foundations that justify the choice of dental pulp as the preferred material and describes technical aspects of DNA extraction and amplification. It also seeks to highlight its application in cases such as mass disasters, charred bodies, and advanced decomposition, in addition to highlighting the role of the dentist in preserving the chain of custody and interfacing with the legal system. Methodology: A narrative review of the scientific literature was conducted in international databases, technical protocols, and specific guidelines for Forensic Dentistry. Studies on modern techniques for extracting and amplifying DNA from dental pulp, studies addressing genetic viability in different forensic scenarios, and publications emphasizing the importance of dental knowledge combined with legal requirements were included. Documents on procedures to ensure sample integrity during collection, storage, and transportation were also evaluated. Results: The review confirmed that dental pulp is one of the safest and most stable biological sources for obtaining DNA, due to its structural protection against external agents. Protocols using cell lysis, purification with silica or resin columns, and PCR amplification have yielded satisfactory results even under extreme conditions. Challenges such as contamination and partial DNA degradation were also observed, reinforcing the need for rigorous protocols. The growing appreciation of dentists as technical experts in the collection and analysis of this material was highlighted. Conclusion: Dental pulp DNA analysis is essential for forensic identification, especially when other sources are compromised. Its success depends on appropriate technique and the preservation of the chain of custody. In this context, dentists play a crucial role, combining scientific knowledge and legal expertise to ensure reliable and legally valid results.