Post-COVID myocarditis and long-term cardiovascular sequelae

Abstract

Introduction: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has significant impacts on the cardiovascular system, with evidence of myocardial damage, arrhythmias, myocarditis and thrombosis. Patients with severe infection often develop cardiac complications, exacerbating pre-existing conditions. Objective: To analyze the relationship between cardiovascular complications and COVID-19 infection, highlighting the importance of clinical follow-up and reporting adverse events. Methods: A narrative literature review was carried out on PubMed, SciELO and LILACS, with articles published between 2020 and 2024. Studies on cardiac manifestations in COVID-19 patients were included. Results: The review showed an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular events, such as infarction, arrhythmias and myocardial dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. The presence of comorbidities, especially previous heart disease, was associated with higher risks of complications and death. Electrocardiographic changes and elevated cardiac markers were observed even in patients without comorbidities. Discussion: The findings reinforce the interdependence between myocardial damage and cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients. The exacerbated inflammatory response and endothelial damage are key factors. In addition, cardiac complications can persist after the acute phase of the disease, requiring prolonged monitoring and enhanced surveillance strategies. Conclusion: Close monitoring of patients with cardiac complications associated with COVID-19 is essential. Reporting events and investigating pathophysiological mechanisms are crucial for developing effective clinical protocols, without compromising the benefits of vaccines in preventing severe forms of the disease.