Guillain-Barré syndrome: a narrative review

Abstract

This article aimed to identify information on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic interventions of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), based on recent scientific literature. Articles published between 2019 and 2024, in English and Portuguese, were selected through the PubMed database, using terms related to Guillain-Barré Syndrome. GBS is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy that usually arises after infection by microorganisms, especially Campylobacter jejuni. The cross-immunological response affects the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves or, in specific forms, directly the axons, compromising nerve conduction. Symptoms include symmetrical muscle weakness, initially in the lower limbs with ascending progression, in addition to areflexia, dysautonomia, and muscle or neuropathic pain. Severe cases may involve respiratory and cranial nerve involvement. Diagnosis is clinical, complemented by analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (demonstrating albuminocytological dissociation) and electroneuromyography to exclude differential diagnoses. Treatment is based on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin or plasmapheresis. Although immune-mediated and self-limiting, GBS presents a risk of serious complications, especially respiratory complications. Early diagnosis and appropriate intervention are crucial for clinical improvement and a positive outcome for patients.