Colecistectomia Videolaparoscópica: Avanços, Desafios e Implicações Clínicas no Tratamento das Doenças Biliares

Abstract

Cholecystectomy, especially via videolaparoscopy, is widely used due to the high prevalence of biliary diseases, offering benefits such as faster recovery and less postoperative pain. Introduced in Brazil in 1990 and widely accessible since 2008, it presents risks such as bile leaks and cardiorespiratory complications. The increase in cases among adolescents requires differentiated approaches. This study reviews techniques, indications, and complications to improve surgical management. The search engines Scielo and PubMed were used for article selection, with the keywords “Videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy, Postoperative complications, Minimally invasive surgical technique.” It is concluded that videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy (VLC) is indicated for treating symptomatic cholelithiasis, acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and gallbladder polyps, with contraindications such as coagulopathies and advanced metastatic diseases. Percutaneous biliary drainage followed by elective surgery is effective in severe cases. Despite technological advances, complications such as post-cholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) still occur, characterized by persistent abdominal pain and dyspeptic symptoms. The choice of technique should be individualized, considering clinical complexity and available resources.