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Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterized by qualitative abnormalities that result in major impacts on the life of the affected individual, as well as on family members and society. Over the past 10 years, there has been a significant increase in the number of diagnosed cases and several hypotheses have been put forward to explain this phenomenon. Among the most discussed possibilities are expanded diagnostic criteria, greater awareness of the disorder, diagnosis at earlier ages and the recognition that ASD is a lifelong condition. Objective: The aim of this study was to clinically explore the characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder today and to analyze the information gaps that contribute to the improvement or worsening of patients, seeking to clarify doubts about this topic. Methodology: An observational approach was used, which consisted of a systematic search for 31 scientific articles related to the topic. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO were consulted using specific search terms such as `Autism Spectrum Disorder', `Genetics', `Clinical Aspects', and `Neurobiology'. The results were synthesized and organized for a detailed and synthesized clinical analysis in order to provide a comprehensive and updated view on the topic. Results: The review identified a significant increase in the incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) globally, with an estimated prevalence of six autistic individuals per thousand individuals and two per thousand in Brazil. The study highlighted that the expansion of diagnostic criteria, greater awareness, and early diagnosis influenced this growth. Genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors were analyzed, evidencing the etiological complexity of ASD. Clinical heterogeneity was highlighted, with variations in communication deficits, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. Clinical diagnosis, supported by genetic testing, still faces challenges in early detection. Regarding treatment, a multidisciplinary approach has proven to be essential, including behavioral, pharmacological, and sensory therapies. Conclusion: In recent decades, the incidence of autism cases has increased significantly worldwide. In these data, the following aspects are relevant: lack of information and awareness about these disorders in society, incorrect diagnoses, and correct diagnoses that are not recorded in any system. Therefore, there is an urgent need for evidence that contributes to the establishment of programs for identifying and intervening in ASD in Brazil. Therefore, amid the lack of sufficient information, the continued involvement of the scientific community, health professionals, and those responsible for public policies is essential to promote and ensure the well-being and inclusion of people impacted by this condition.
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