Neonatal jaundice and its consequences: a literature review

Abstract

Neonatal jaundice is a common condition affecting a large proportion of newborns, characterized by yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera due to excessive accumulation of bilirubin in the blood. This condition can be classified as physiological or pathological, the former being the most common form and usually self-limiting, while the latter requires clinical intervention due to the risk of serious complications, such as kernicterus. The epidemiology of neonatal jaundice reveals a high global prevalence, with around 60% of term newborns and up to 80% of premature infants showing some degree of the disease. Factors such as prematurity, blood incompatibility and hematological disorders increase the risk of developing pathological forms. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, such as phototherapy and, in more severe cases, blood exchange, are essential to avoid permanent neurological sequelae. Neonatal jaundice, although mostly benign, can lead to significant complications, especially in cases of treatment failure. Therefore, screening and effective management of this condition are essential to reduce the associated risks.

Keywords: neonatal jaundice, bilirubin, kernicterus.