Ectopic pregnancy: Etiopathogenic approach and therapeutic approach

Abstract

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy (EG) occurs when the embryo implants outside the uterus, and is the main cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the first trimester. Factors such as tubal anomalies, pelvic infections, and fertility treatments are known risks. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are essential to avoid serious complications. Objective: The study aims to conduct a literature review on the etiopathogenesis and therapeutic approaches of EG, seeking to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and preservation of patients' fertility. Methodology: An exploratory qualitative review was performed in scientific databases such as PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE, with articles published between 2010 and 2023. The search included studies that address the etiology, diagnosis, and treatments of EG, resulting in the selection of 22 relevant articles. Results and Discussion: EG is associated with anatomical, infectious, and environmental factors, such as PID, tubal surgery, and use of intrauterine devices. Early diagnosis is performed by transvaginal ultrasound and β-hCG measurement. Methotrexate is effective in early cases, while surgery (laparoscopy) is indicated in more advanced cases. Current research suggests new therapies, such as immunological and stem cell-based therapies. Final Considerations: Early diagnosis and personalized treatment are crucial for maternal health and fertility preservation. Research continues into new therapies and biomarkers that may improve clinical outcomes and reduce complications.