A Síndrome do Ápice Orbitário: Uma Análise Bibliográfica sobre sua Apresentação Aguda e Complicações Tardias

Abstract

Orbital apex syndrome (OAS) is a rare and complex neurological condition that affects multiple cranial nerves, resulting in symptoms such as painful ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, ptosis, vision loss, and hypoesthesia in the periorbital region. Its main causes include inflammation, infection, neoplasia, and vascular processes. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent serious complications, such as vision loss and optic neuropathies. The management of OAS requires an integrated approach, with the participation of ophthalmologists, neurologists, and radiologists, with treatment directed by identifying the underlying cause. This systematic review aims to comprehensively analyze the acute presentation of orbital apex syndrome, addressing its causes, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term implications on patient clinical outcomes. For this purpose, scientific databases such as Scopus and PubMed were consulted, using terms in English such as "Orbital apex syndrome, Acute presentation, Long-term complications, Ophthalmologic diagnosis". The results indicate that orbital apex syndrome is an acute condition that manifests as painful ophthalmoplegia and visual loss, resulting from compression of the cranial nerves that cross the orbital apex. Early diagnosis, performed by means of magnetic resonance imaging, is essential to distinguish OAS from other similar conditions, such as cavernous sinus syndrome. Treatment of Optic Amaurosis Syndrome (OAS) can range from the use of corticosteroids to surgical interventions in more severe cases, such as infections or tumors. It is essential to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to ensure the best results, avoiding possible complications, such as residual fibrosis and irreversible vision loss. Long-term follow-up and a personalized treatment plan are essential to optimize the quality of life of patients with OAS.