Diabetic Retinopathy: A Comprehensive Clinical and Treatment Approach

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by progressive damage to the retinal blood vessels that can lead to blindness. This condition is a critical public health problem, with approximately one-third of individuals with diabetes affected globally, requiring early diagnosis and intervention to prevent serious ocular complications. This article aims to review the clinical manifestations of DR and discuss current therapeutic approaches, emphasizing innovations in diagnostic methods and new management strategies that influence the treatment of DR in clinical practice. A literature review was used focusing on experimental and non-experimental studies addressing the clinical and therapeutic aspects of DR. Data were extracted from databases such as PubMed and SciELO, with meticulous selection to include relevant articles and exclude non-pertinent or unavailable studies in full. DR is influenced by multiple risk factors, including inadequate glycemic control, hypertension, and lifestyle factors. Studies indicate that strict glycemic control significantly reduces the risk of ocular complications. Technological advances, such as optical coherence tomography and artificial intelligence systems, have improved diagnostic accuracy, facilitating more timely interventions. Treatment has evolved to include anti-VEGF therapies and surgical options, while the management approach requires a multidisciplinary effort. DR requires a multidisciplinary and integrated treatment approach that combines rigorous risk factor management, diagnostic advances, and targeted therapies. Patient education and engagement in self-care are critical for therapeutic success. Public health policies should focus on improving access to diagnostic and treatment services, especially in less developed regions, to address the increasing global prevalence of diabetes and its complications. Continuous collaboration among health professionals is essential to improve health outcomes and mitigate the burden of DR.