Necrose asséptica da cabeça do fêmur em cães: revisão dos principais aspectos

Abstract

Introduction: Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is a pathological condition that results in the death of bone tissue in the region of the femoral head, without the presence of inflammation or infection. This condition is more common in small dogs, especially those aged between 3 and 13 months. NACF occurs due to reduced blood supply, leading to necrosis, microfractures and progressive joint deformities. Objective: This study aims to review the etiopathogenesis, clinical signs and treatment options for NACF in dogs. Methodology: A literature review was carried out in databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and Scielo, covering publications from 2009 to 2018. Descriptors such as “Aseptic necrosis”, “Dogs” and “Surgical treatment” were used. The articles were selected on the basis of relevance and scientific rigor, excluding theses and dissertations. Results and Discussion: The etiology of ACN is not yet fully understood, but ischemia in the femoral head is a crucial factor. Some breeds have a genetic predisposition. The condition manifests as lameness, severe pain and muscle atrophy. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and confirmed by X-rays, which reveal changes in the femoral head. Conservative treatment may be insufficient and excisional arthroplasty is the most suitable surgical option. This procedure removes the head and neck of the femur, allowing the formation of a pseudoarticulation and pain relief. Conclusion: NACF is a challenging condition which, if properly treated surgically, has a favorable prognosis. The recovery and quality of life of affected dogs improves significantly with appropriate treatment and veterinary follow-up.