The Importance of Mammography as an Early Screening Mechanism for Breast Cancer in Patients with a Family History: A Review

Abstract

Introduction: Breast carcinoma is one of the most prevalent neoplasms among women worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can range from palpable nodules or masses to changes in the skin of the breast, such as retraction or change in nipple color. In this context, mammography is considered the gold standard exam for the early diagnosis of neoplasms, providing more effective treatment with lower risk to the patient. Objective: This review aims to present and discuss, in a concise manner, the most recent and relevant findings on the impact of mammography as a mechanism for early screening of breast cancer in patients with a family history. Methods: Searches were performed in the PubMed and Lilacs databases using selected inclusion and exclusion descriptors. Each selected article was read in full by at least two researchers. Results: Based on critical selection of the research, 14 articles were selected for this review. Data from 428,560 women indicated that cancer detection rates were lower in women under 40 years of age. Interviews with physicians revealed that risk assessment is influenced by knowledge, beliefs, and prior experiences, creating barriers to appropriate referrals for genetic counseling and screening programs. Conclusion: In summary, mammography plays a crucial role in the early detection of breast cancer, especially in women in their 40s. In this context, women with a hereditary history of breast cancer and/or alterations in the BRCA1, BRCA2, and CHEK2 genes should undergo mammograms more frequently, ideally once a year. However, further studies are needed to accurately determine an effective treatment plan.