Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Edema: An Integrative Review

Abstract

This article aims to perform an integrative review on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary edema, using the PubMed database with the terms "Pulmonary edema", "Diagnosis" and "Treatment". This integrative review highlights the complexity in the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary edema (APE), highlighting the importance of a comprehensive and personalized approach. Imaging techniques, such as chest radiography and computed tomography, remain essential, but thoracic ultrasound has gained relevance due to its ability to rapidly detect and continuously assess. The combination of pharmacological therapies, such as diuretics and vasodilators, with non-pharmacological measures, such as non-invasive mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy, has proven effective. The introduction of continuous positive airway pressure ventilation (CPAP) represents a promising alternative, offering symptomatic relief and avoiding the need for intubation in severe cases. The discussion highlights that, despite existing clinical guidelines, the management of APE should be adapted to the individual characteristics of each patient. Integrating an evidence-based treatment plan, with ongoing monitoring and adjustments as needed, is critical to an effective approach. In addition, consideration of comorbidities, such as renal failure and hypertension, is crucial to optimizing treatment outcomes and improving patients’ quality of life. Implementing personalized strategies and continually evolving clinical practices are essential to advancing the management of APE.