Câncer Colorretal: Prevenção, Diagnóstico e Tratamento

Abstract

ABSTRACT:

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms in Brazil and is associated with lifestyle factors, such as inadequate diet, physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol consumption. Furthermore, the increase in incidence among young people and regional disparities in access to health services in the country are emerging concerns. This article aims to explore the pathophysiology of CRC, as well as screening, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, highlighting regional inequalities and the need for public policies that promote more equitable access to healthcare. Methodology: An integrative literature review was carried out in the SciELO and PubMed databases, focusing on articles published between 2016 and 2024. Seven articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Furthermore, the work *Sabiston Treatise on Surgery: The biological basis of modern surgical practice 19.ed.* was also consulted. Results: The results showed that lifestyle plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of CRC. Colonoscopy has been highlighted as the gold standard for screening, allowing early detection of premalignant lesions. However, adherence to screening is uneven in Brazil, being higher in the South and Southeast regions, which have better health resources, while the North and Northeast face access difficulties. The study also highlighted the role of hereditary syndromes, such as Lynch syndrome, in the etiology of CRC, in addition to the importance of accurate staging to determine appropriate treatment. Conclusion: Although CRC is a preventable and treatable disease, regional disparities in access to diagnosis and treatment reveal the urgent need for public policies that promote universal and equitable screening throughout Brazil. Additionally, it is suggested that screening guidelines be revised to include young populations at risk, considering the increased incidence among this group.

Keywords: Colonoscopy, Screening, Risk Factors.