NEPHROLITHIASIS: UNRAVELING THE CHALLENGES AND TREATMENT

Abstract

Objective: To discuss, based on scientific evidence, the challenges and treatments of nephrolithiasis. Methods: This is a qualitative integrative review of the literature. The search for relevant studies was conducted in the following databases: SCIELO, LILACS, BDENF, and MEDLINE, using the health science descriptors: "Nephrolithiasis," "Stigmas," and "Treatment." Inclusion criteria were: articles published between 2014 and 2024, with free access to full texts, articles in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, and related to the topic. Exclusion criteria included: duplicate articles, incomplete articles, abstracts, reviews, debates, articles published in event proceedings, and those not available in full text. Results: The integrative review identified various scientific evidences addressing the challenges and treatments of nephrolithiasis. Selected studies highlighted key difficulties in managing the condition, including the high recurrence rate of kidney stones, the impact of metabolic and genetic factors, and the influence of dietary and environmental habits. Analyzed treatments ranged from pharmacological interventions, such as the use of thiazides and potassium citrate, to minimally invasive surgical procedures and preventive strategies based on lifestyle changes. Conclusion: Nephrolithiasis remains a significant public health challenge, requiring a multidisciplinary and personalized approach for treatment and prevention. The reviewed evidence suggests that, despite available therapeutic options, there is a critical need to develop new strategies that address both the clinical and the social and psychological aspects of the disease. Integrating preventive measures, managing risk factors appropriately, and early detection are essential to improving patient outcomes and reducing the economic impact of nephrolithiasis.