Hérnia de Disco: Revisão das Abordagens Terapêuticas Modernas

Abstract

A herniated disc occurs when the nucleus pulposus displaces from the intervertebral space, causing back pain that may radiate to the lower limbs and, in severe cases, lead to weakness or sensory changes. This condition is primarily diagnosed through MRI, especially when symptoms persist for more than six weeks. Initial treatment is generally conservative, involving painkillers and physical therapy, but persistent cases may require epidural steroid injections or surgery. Causes include degenerative processes, trauma, and congenital conditions, with the lumbar and cervical regions being more commonly affected. Pathophysiology involves nerve compression and inflammation, with posterolateral herniation more likely to compress the nerve root, while midline herniation may cause myelopathy. Literature review suggests that both conservative and surgical treatments are effective, with minimally invasive surgery, such as endoscopic discectomy, offering advantages in terms of lower invasiveness and quicker recovery. Treatment should be personalized, considering the severity of symptoms and response to conservative treatment, while ongoing research is needed to optimize therapeutic approaches and clinical outcomes.