Cutaneous Manifestations in Diabetes Mellitus: Early Diagnosis

Abstract

Objective: To review and discuss the main dermatological alterations associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and their potential utility as markers for early disease diagnosis. Methodology: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on articles published in the last decade. Search terms included "diabetes mellitus," "cutaneous manifestations," "skin disorders," "pre-diabetes," "diabetic dermatopathy," "acanthosis nigricans," "granuloma annulare," and "necrobiosis lipoidica." Inclusion criteria covered articles in English or Portuguese detailing specific cutaneous manifestations related to DM and pre-diabetes. Exclusion criteria included studies with comorbidities, animal studies, and those with poor methodology. Results: The review highlighted that cutaneous manifestations of DM and metabolic syndrome (MetS) share common etiopathogenic mechanisms. Early identification of these conditions, such as pruritus, necrobiosis lipoidica, and acanthosis nigricans, is crucial for proper DM management. Infectious complications, particularly acute bacterial skin infections, were also significant. The importance of recognizing cutaneous signs for early diagnosis and effective treatment was emphasized. Conclusion: Dermatological manifestations are vital in managing DM, with significant implications for early diagnosis and treatment. Increased awareness among healthcare professionals is essential for improving patient outcomes and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with DM.