CLINICAL APPROACH AND DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDHOOD

Abstract

Tuberculosis is a pathology caused by infection with the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its mode of propagation is predominantly airborne, spreading through particles expelled when coughing, sneezing and even talking. This disease commonly affects individuals who share physical proximity with a carrier of the aforementioned bacillus. It is worth noting that children are less prone to transmission, given that the variant that affects them has a lower infectious capacity. Children have distinct characteristics in their organism and physiology that play a crucial role in the balance between aggression and body defense. Of these particularities, the main highlights are its immune system, nutrition and vaccination. This study constitutes a literature review that aims to analyze and synthesize the information available on Childhood Tuberculosis (TI) with a focus on its epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. The diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis requires specific methods, varying depending on the manifestation of the disease. Bacilloscopy, analysis of the bacillus in sputum, is a main, quick and low-cost test, although it is subject to false results. In childhood, especially in the pulmonary form, the diagnostic approach is clinical-radiological, based on epidemiology and clinical history. Childhood tuberculosis treatment is based on antibiotic therapy, using primarily Rifampicin, Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide. In specific situations, the specialist may introduce corticosteroids and other complementary medications. To address the challenges associated with Childhood Tuberculosis, effective interventions must focus on the continued education of healthcare professionals, encouraging early identification of symptoms, especially in Primary Care. Community-focused awareness programs are also essential to promote seeking medical care at the first sign of suspicious symptoms.