A Genética da Ansiedade e da Depressão: uma Revisão Sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36557/2674-8169.2026v8n2p1112-1138Palavras-chave:
Genética, Transtorno Ansioso, Transtorno Depressivo, Distúrbios PsiquiátricosResumo
RESUMO
Introdução: Transtornos psiquiátricos, como ansiedade e depressão, comprometem o humor, o comportamento e a funcionalidade do indivíduo, sendo influenciados por múltiplos fatores, entre os quais os genéticos têm papel central. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo revisar e analisar variantes gênicas, polimorfismos, fatores de suscetibilidade por gênero, herdabilidade e aspectos epigenéticos associados a esses transtornos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada nas bases Medline, Cochrane e Scielo, entre 10 de janeiro e 10 de fevereiro de 2025. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais quantitativos (transversais, caso-controle e coorte) de acesso livre nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. A busca foi realizada com fator de impacto maior do que 1.0. Resultados: Foram selecionados 15 estudos publicados entre 2009 e 2024, predominando estudos GWAS e com gêmeos, sobretudo em populações britânicas e americanas (29,4%). A correlação genética de 0,82 (IC 95%; 0,61–1,0) entre sintomas de ansiedade e depressão reforça a influência hereditária. Discussão: As variantes gênicas relacionadas à regulação do humor, ao neurodesenvolvimento e ao eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal — como NPPC, FOXP2, PLEKHA1, DIAPH3, CRY2 e FGF20 — mostraram associação significativa com sintomas afetivos. Mecanismos epigenéticos, incluindo metilação dos genes SLC6A4 e BDNF, além da desregulação do sistema endocanabinoide e da ativação do sistema galanina, evidenciam a interação entre genética e ambiente. Conclusão: Conclui-se que fatores genéticos e epigenéticos são determinantes na origem da ansiedade e da depressão, destacando-se a população britânica pela maior representatividade e impacto científico. Estudos futuros são necessários para aprofundar o entendimento desses mecanismos.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Eduarda Lucena Carnesela, Gabriela da Costa Batista, Alexandre Kieslich da Silva, Guilherme Liberato da Silva , André Anjos da Silva
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os autores são detentores dos direitos autorais mediante uma licença CCBY 4.0.
