Keywords
Obesity
Food consumption
Speed of eating
Chewing frequency
Food consumption
Speed of eating
Chewing frequency
How to Cite
Garcia Arada, J. M. ., & Chimenos Küstner, E. . (2020). Effect of the chewing rate on meal intake. Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences, 2(4), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.36557/2674-8169.2020v2n4p51-63
Abstract
Fast food has been shown to increase the risk of being overweight in children and adults. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the correlation between the rate of chewing and the number of chews per mouthful and to assess whether they were associated with the weight of meal intake. Thirty healthy individuals, aged between 18 and 24 years old, had a test lunch at their usual speed until they were satisfied. The activities of the masseter and suprahyoid muscles were recorded to determine the number of chews and the time of swallowing. The weight of meal intake was recorded along with body mass index (BMI), chewing rate, number of chews per mouthful, meal duration, intake rate, hunger and food preference levels. The mean weight (± SD) of meal intake, chewing rate and number of chews per mouthful were 261.4 ± 78.9 g, 94.4 ± 13.5 min.-1 chews, 19.2 ± 6, 4 chew a mouthful, respectively. The chewing rate did not correlate with the number of chews per mouthful. Multivariable linear regression showed that meal intake was significantly positively associated with chewing rate, meal duration and BMI, but inversely associated with the number of chews per mouthful (adjusted R 2 = 0.42). It was concluded that the number of chews was not associated with the rate of chewing, but the intake of meals was explained both by the reduced number of chews and the increase in the rate of chewing.
References
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23- Sanchez‐Ayala A, Farias‐Neto A, Campanha NH, Garcia RC. Relationship between chewing rate and masticatory performance. Cranio 2013; 31: 118– 122.
24- Buschang PH, Throckmorton GS, Travers KH, Johnson G. The effects of bolus size and chewing rate on masticatory performance with artificial test foods. J Oral Rehabil 1997; 24: 522– 526.
25- Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007; 39: 175– 191.
26- Westerterp‐Plantenga MS, Westerterp KR, Nicolson NA, Mordant A, Schoffelen PF, ten Hoor F. The shape of the cumulative food intake curve in humans, during basic and manipulated meals. Physiol Behav 1990; 47: 569– 576.
27- Spiegel TA, Kaplan JM, Tomassini A, Stellar E. Bite size, ingestion rate, and meal size in lean and obese women. Appetite 1993; 21: 131– 145.
28- Bellisle F, Le Magnen J. The structure of meals in humans: eating and drinking patterns in lean and obese subjects. Physiol Behav 1981; 27: 649– 658.
29- Ioakimidis I, Zandian M, Eriksson‐Marklund L, Bergh C, Grigoriadis A, Sodersten P. Description of chewing and food intake over the course of a meal. Physiol Behav 2011; 104: 761– 769.
30- Lund JP, Kolta A, Westberg KG, Scott G. Brainstem mechanisms underlying feeding behaviors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1998; 8: 718– 724.
31- Ramos, A.H.N. and Paraguassu, E.C.,. Adult health-related quality of life and associated factors: a population-based study. Periódicos Brasil. Odontologia 2019; 1(3): 42-55.
32- Spiegel TA. Rate of intake, bites, and chews‐the interpretation of lean‐obese differences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000; 24: 229– 237.
33- PARAGUASSU, Éber Coelho; DE CARDENAS, Anneli Mercedes Celis. Sociodemographic characterization of dental prosthesis users in the state of Amapá. Research, Society and Development 2020; 9(3)
34- Zhu Y, Hollis JH. Chewing thoroughly reduces eating rate and postprandial food palatability but does not influence meal size in older adults. Physiol Behav 2014; 123: 62– 66.
CONFLITOS DE INTERESSE
Os autores declaram não haver conflitos de interesse com a publicação deste artigo.
INTEREST CONFLICTS
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest with the publication of this article.
2- Honorio RF, Costa Monteiro Hadler MC. Factors associated with obesity in Brazilian children enrolled in the school health program: a case‐control study. Nutr Hosp 2014; 30: 526– 534.
3- Lin M, Pan L, Tang L, Jiang J, Wang Y, Jin R. Association of eating speed and energy intake of main meals with overweight in Chinese pre‐school children. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17: 2029– 2036.
4- Zhu Y, Hollis JH. Relationship between chewing behavior and body weight status in fully dentate healthy adults. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66: 135– 139.
5- Sasaki S, Katagiri A, Tsuji T, Shimoda T, Amano K. Self‐reported rate of eating correlates with body mass index in 18‐y‐old Japanese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 1405– 1410.
6- McGee TL, Grima MT, Hewson ID, Jones KM, Duke EB, Dixon JB. First Australian experiences with an oral volume restriction device to change eating behaviors and assist with weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 126– 133.
7- Fukuda H, Saito T, Mizuta M, Moromugi S, Ishimatsu T, Nishikado S, Takagi H, Konomi Y. Chewing number is related to incremental increases in body weight from 20 years of age in Japanese middle‐aged adults. Gerodontology 2013; 30: 214– 219.
8- Ford AL, Bergh C, Sodersten P, Sabin MA, Hollinghurst S, Hunt LP, Shield JP. Treatment of childhood obesity by retraining eating behaviour: randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 2009; 340: b5388.
9- Cassady BA, Hollis JH, Fulford AD, Considine RV, Mattes RD. Mastication of almonds: effects of lipid bioaccessibility, appetite, and hormone response. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 794– 800.
10- Smit HJ, Kemsley EK, Tapp HS, Henry CJ. Does prolonged chewing reduce food intake? Fletcherism revisited Appetite 2011; 57: 295– 298.
11- Zhu Y, Hollis JH. Increasing the number of chews before swallowing reduces meal size in normal‐weight, overweight, and obese adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114: 926– 931.
12- Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Nishimura R, Morimoto A, Shimada N, Ohtsu T, Hashimoto M, Hoshino H, Tajima N, Kokaze A. Eating behavior and childhood overweight among population‐based elementary schoolchildren in Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012; 9: 1398– 1410.
13- White AK, Venn B, Lu LW, Rush E, Gallo LM, Yong JL, Farella M. A comparison of chewing rate between overweight and normal BMI individuals. Physiol Behav 2015; 145: 8– 13.
14- Sanchez‐Ayala A, Campanha NH, Garcia RC. Relationship between body fat and masticatory function. J Prosthodont 2013; 22: 120– 125.
15- Paphangkorakit J, Leelayuwat N, Boonyawat N, Parniangtong A, Sripratoom J. Effect of chewing speed on energy expenditure in healthy subjects. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72: 424– 427.
16- Paphangkorakit J, Ladsena V, Rukyuttithamkul T, Khamtad T. Effect of chewing speed on the detection of a foreign object in food. J Oral Rehabil 2016; 43: 176– 179.
17- Fontijn‐Tekamp FA, van der Bilt A, Abbink JH, Bosman F. Swallowing threshold and masticatory performance in dentate adults. Physiol Behav 2004; 83: 431– 436.
18- Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders, 1996.
19- Bolhuis DP, Lakemond CM, de Wijk RA, Luning PA, Graaf C. Both longer oral sensory exposure to and higher intensity of saltiness decrease ad libitum food intake in healthy normal‐weight men. J Nutr 2011; 141: 2242– 2248.
20- Sakata T, Yoshimatsu H, Masaki T, Tsuda K. Anti‐obesity actions of mastication driven by histamine neurons in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228: 1106– 1110.
21- Zhu Y, Hsu WH, Hollis JH. Increasing the number of masticatory cycles is associated with reduced appetite and altered postprandial plasma concentrations of gut hormones, insulin and glucose. Br J Nutr 2013; 110: 384– 390.
22- Sonoki K, Iwase M, Takata Y, Nakamoto T, Masaki C, Hosokawa R, Murakami S, Chiwata K, Inoue H. Effects of thirty‐times chewing per bite on secretion of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 in healthy volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients. Endocr J 2013; 60: 311– 319.
23- Sanchez‐Ayala A, Farias‐Neto A, Campanha NH, Garcia RC. Relationship between chewing rate and masticatory performance. Cranio 2013; 31: 118– 122.
24- Buschang PH, Throckmorton GS, Travers KH, Johnson G. The effects of bolus size and chewing rate on masticatory performance with artificial test foods. J Oral Rehabil 1997; 24: 522– 526.
25- Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007; 39: 175– 191.
26- Westerterp‐Plantenga MS, Westerterp KR, Nicolson NA, Mordant A, Schoffelen PF, ten Hoor F. The shape of the cumulative food intake curve in humans, during basic and manipulated meals. Physiol Behav 1990; 47: 569– 576.
27- Spiegel TA, Kaplan JM, Tomassini A, Stellar E. Bite size, ingestion rate, and meal size in lean and obese women. Appetite 1993; 21: 131– 145.
28- Bellisle F, Le Magnen J. The structure of meals in humans: eating and drinking patterns in lean and obese subjects. Physiol Behav 1981; 27: 649– 658.
29- Ioakimidis I, Zandian M, Eriksson‐Marklund L, Bergh C, Grigoriadis A, Sodersten P. Description of chewing and food intake over the course of a meal. Physiol Behav 2011; 104: 761– 769.
30- Lund JP, Kolta A, Westberg KG, Scott G. Brainstem mechanisms underlying feeding behaviors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1998; 8: 718– 724.
31- Ramos, A.H.N. and Paraguassu, E.C.,. Adult health-related quality of life and associated factors: a population-based study. Periódicos Brasil. Odontologia 2019; 1(3): 42-55.
32- Spiegel TA. Rate of intake, bites, and chews‐the interpretation of lean‐obese differences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000; 24: 229– 237.
33- PARAGUASSU, Éber Coelho; DE CARDENAS, Anneli Mercedes Celis. Sociodemographic characterization of dental prosthesis users in the state of Amapá. Research, Society and Development 2020; 9(3)
34- Zhu Y, Hollis JH. Chewing thoroughly reduces eating rate and postprandial food palatability but does not influence meal size in older adults. Physiol Behav 2014; 123: 62– 66.
CONFLITOS DE INTERESSE
Os autores declaram não haver conflitos de interesse com a publicação deste artigo.
INTEREST CONFLICTS
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest with the publication of this article.
Authors are copyright holders under a CCBY 4.0 license.