Broad clinical approach to childhood acute otitis media

Abstract

Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common condition in preschool children, characterized by inflammation and fluid accumulation in the tympanic cavity. This article focuses on the epidemiological aspects, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of AOM, emphasizing the importance of prevention and effective management of complicated or recurrent cases. The aim is to improve clinical practices and reduce the impact of the disease in the pediatric population. The methodology employed was a systematic review of the literature, examining experimental and non-experimental studies through databases such as PubMed, MedlinePlus, SciELO, and Google Scholar. The selection of articles was based on criteria that included direct relevance to the topic and full availability in Portuguese or English. The findings of the study indicate that Eustachian tube dysfunction, often exacerbated by upper respiratory infections, allergies and adenoid hypertrophy, is usually at the root of AOM. Common symptoms include severe pain, fever and temporary hearing loss, with risks of serious complications such as mastoiditis and permanent hearing loss if not treated appropriately. Primary treatment with antibiotics, particularly amoxicillin, has been shown to be effective, but increasing antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for careful use of these drugs. It follows that a personalized and informed clinical approach is crucial. Educating parents and professionals about prevention and early identification of symptoms, along with vaccination and careful surveillance in mild cases, can reduce the incidence and severity of AOM. Evidence-based practices are essential to optimize clinical outcomes and reduce the burden of this common condition among children.