Panorama of Leptospirosis in Brazil: Epidemiological Analysis and Influential Socioeconomic Factors (2012-2022)

Abstract

Introduction: Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus *Leptospira*, with a higher incidence in tropical and subtropical areas. Transmission occurs mainly through contact with urine from infected rodents, affecting populations in poor sanitation conditions. In Brazil, it is a notifiable disease, with a higher prevalence in the South and Southeast regions, especially among workers exposed to unhealthy environments. Leptospirosis is considered a neglected disease, with a significant impact on public health and high hospital costs. Objective: The present study aims to analyze the epidemiological profile of the disease in Brazil between 2012 and 2022 according to age group and Brazilian region. Methods: This is a quantitative observational cross-sectional study carried out using data from DATASUS. The variables analyzed were: age group, the 5 regions of the Brazilian territory, and education. The analysis stage allowed a clear and understandable view of the data collected, helping to draw accurate and informed conclusions about the epidemiological framework studied. This does not directly involve human beings. Results: Brazil has recorded approximately 35,000 cases of leptospirosis since 2012, with the highest incidence in 2014 and a significant drop in 2020-2021 probably due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The most affected age group was 29-30 years old, accounting for 39.38% of cases. The territorial analysis showed that the South region of Brazil led in leptospirosis notifications (31.5%), followed by the Southeast (31.2%). In terms of education, most cases occurred among people with incomplete 5-8 grades of elementary school (24.43%). Conclusions: The analysis from 2012 to 2022 reveals that the high prevalence of leptospirosis in Brazil is linked to climatic and socioeconomic factors, especially in low-income areas and among individuals with less education. The disease mainly affects young adults, highlighting the need for health policies and preventive measures, such as the use of protective equipment.