PLACENTAL ABNORMALITIES AND THEIR ROLE IN OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS

Abstract

Placental abnormalities represent a significant concern in obstetric practice, as they can trigger a series of complications for both mother and fetus during pregnancy and childbirth. These conditions encompass a variety of changes in the structure and function of the placenta, including abruption, placenta previa, placental insufficiency, and others. Objective: Review placental abnormalities and their role in obstetric complications, providing a concise analysis of the main placental-related conditions that can affect pregnancy and birth. Methodology: This study consisted of a narrative review of the literature that investigated the relationship between substance use during pregnancy and fetal growth retardation. The research was conducted through online access to the databases Documentation on Health Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean (LILACS), Health Sciences Information Center in Latin America and the Caribbean (Bireme), Scientific Electronic Library Online ( SCIELO) and Virtual Health Library (VHL) during the month of March 2024. Results and Discussion:  Placental abnormalities play a crucial role in obstetric complications, impacting both maternal and fetal health. Studies show a significant association between placental abruption, placenta previa, placental insufficiency and a series of complications, such as premature birth, fetal growth restriction, pre-eclampsia and even intrauterine fetal death. Early identification and appropriate management of these conditions are essential to reduce risks to mother and baby. However, diagnosis can be challenging due to the variety of clinical presentations and the lack of specific markers for some placental abnormalities. Final Considerations:  Placental abnormalities represent a significant challenge in obstetric practice, contributing to serious complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Early identification and appropriate management of these conditions are essential to reduce risks to mother and baby. Although much remains to be understood about the causes and underlying mechanisms of placental abnormalities, it is critical that healthcare professionals are aware of the signs and symptoms that may indicate the presence of these conditions.