Palavras-chave
Transtorno bipolar
Terapia cognitivo-comportamental
Estabilizadores de humor
Psicoeducação
Como Citar
Resumo
Transtornos do humor, incluindo a depressão e o transtorno bipolar, apresentam desafios significativos para a saúde mental global. Este artigo de revisão oferece uma análise abrangente dos sintomas, diagnóstico e opções de tratamento para essas condições complexas, com base em evidências disponíveis até setembro de 2021. A depressão é caracterizada por sintomas como tristeza persistente, perda de interesse, fadiga e sentimentos de desesperança. A terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) e a terapia interpessoal (TIP) têm se mostrado eficazes no tratamento, juntamente com medicamentos antidepressivos quando necessário. A abordagem personalizada e a consideração de sintomas somáticos são essenciais. O transtorno bipolar envolve flutuações extremas de humor, com episódios maníacos e depressivos. Estabilizadores de humor, como o lítio, são frequentemente prescritos, juntamente com psicoterapia adaptada para o transtorno bipolar. A psicoeducação desempenha um papel vital na prevenção de recaídas. Os resultados destacam a importância da abordagem integrada, incluindo terapias psicológicas e farmacológicas, para otimizar os resultados clínicos. No entanto, a variabilidade na gravidade dos casos e nas respostas ao tratamento torna difícil estabelecer diretrizes rígidas. Em um cenário em que a saúde mental é fundamental, compreender as nuances da depressão e do transtorno bipolar é essencial para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos afetados e fornecer o suporte necessário. Este artigo fornece uma visão abrangente desses transtornos do humor, oferecendo insights valiosos para profissionais de saúde mental, pesquisadores e aqueles que vivem com essas condições desafiadoras.
Referências
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
BOWDEN, C. L. A different depression: Clinical distinctions between bipolar and unipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 84(2-3), 117-125.
CARVALHO, A. F., et al. The clinical relevance of subjective cognitive complaints in depression and bipolar disorder. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 36(2), 79-87.
CUIJPERS, P., et al. The efficacy of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for mental disorders. Journal of the American Medical Association, 321(23), 2367-2368.
GEDDES, J. R., & MIKLOWITZ, D. J. Treatment of bipolar disorder. Lancet, 381(9878), 1672-1682.
GOODWIN, F. K., & JAMISON, K. R. Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
HENRY, C., & ETAIN, B. New ways to classify bipolar disorders: Going from categorical groups to symptom clusters or dimensions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12(6), 505-511.
HIRSCHFELD, R. M., et al. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: The Mood Disorder Questionnaire. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(11), 1873-1875.
JUDD, L. L., & AKISKAL, H. S. The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: Re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73(1-2), 123-131.
JUDD, L. L., et al. Psychosocial disability during the long-term course of unipolar major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(4), 369-376.
KESSING, L. V., et al. Treatment in a specialised out-patient mood disorder clinic v. standard out-patient treatment in the early course of bipolar disorder: Randomised clinical trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 207(3), 225-232.
KUPKA, R. W., et al. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: Update 2010 on the treatment of acute bipolar depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 11(2), 81-109.
LACERDA, A. L. T., et al. Identifying clinical cutoff scores for the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Portuguese-speaking patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 214-218.
MISIAK, B., et al. Metabolic dysregulation in first-episode schizophrenia patients with respect to genetic variation in one-carbon metabolism. Psychiatry Research, 253, 121-127.
NEMEROFF, C. B., & GOLDSCHMIDT-CLERMONT, P. J. Heartache and heartbreak—the link between depression and cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 9(9), 493-502.
PAYKEL, E. S., et al. Partial prevention of recurrence in unipolar affective disorder by amitriptyline. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37(8), 885-891.
PERLIS, R. H., et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of irritability in major depressive disorder: A preliminary report from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(11), 1598-1604.
POST, R. M., et al. The new news about lithium: An underutilized treatment in the United States. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(4), 370-379.
ROSENBLAT, J. D., et al. A review of the pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and effectiveness of lurasidone in the treatment of bipolar I disorder. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 11(5), 827-836.
SACHS, G. S., et al. Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(17), 1711-1722.
SACHS, G. S., et al. Rationale, design, and methods of the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). Biological Psychiatry, 48(6), 207-217.
SWARTZ, H. A., & THASE, M. E. Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Acute Bipolar II Depression: Current Evidence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73(3), 356-366.
TONDO, L., et al. Strategies for improving treatment of bipolar disorder: Integration of measurement and management. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 127(Suppl 442), 16-28.
TOHEN, M., et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(6), 1091-1098.
VIETA, E., & PHILLIPS, M. L. Deconstructing bipolar disorder: A critical review of its diagnostic validity and a proposal for DSM-V and ICD-11. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(4), 886-892.
VIETA, E., et al. The International College of Neuropsychopharmacology (CINP) Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder in Adults (CINP-BD-2017), Part 3: The Clinical Guidelines. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 20(2), 180-195.
YATHAM, L. N., et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Collaborative Update of CANMAT Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Update 2013. Bipolar Disorders, 15(1), 1-44.
YATHAM, L. N., et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 20(2), 97-170.
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Thalita Baptisteli Fernandes , Larissa Rodrigues do Carmo , Matheus Araujo , Sara Almeida Moreira , Jessica Pereira Macêdo