Analysis of the Prevalence and Associated Factors of Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Glycemic Control and Complication Prevention

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and/or action. Among its microvascular complications, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) stands out, especially in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), as a consequence of prolonged inadequate glycemic control. DPN affects peripheral nerves of the somatic and autonomic systems, impairing sensations such as pain and temperature—mainly in the lower limbs—and may progress to ulcers, infections, and amputations. It is estimated that up to half of patients with T2DM develop DPN, although prevalence varies across populations. In Brazil, regional studies are still scarce, hindering the development of effective preventive strategies. Objective: To investigate the prevalence and associated factors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with T2DM treated at the Integrated Health Center (NIS) of Jundiaí. Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, population-based study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Jundiaí Medical School (no. 6.216.349/2023). A total of 196 patients aged ≥18 years were included. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed. Descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare groups (significance level set at 5%) Results: The prevalence of DPN was 19.9%. Patients with DPN showed higher mean levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c: 9.3%) and blood glucose (200 mg/dL) compared to those without DPN (HbA1c: 8.5%; glucose: 173 mg/dL). The difference in HbA1c between groups was statistically significant (p = 0.024), indicating an association between poor glycemic control and the presence of DPN. Conclusion: The findings indicate that elevated HbA1c levels and longer duration of T2DM are associated with DPN, reinforcing the importance of continuous prevention strategies, individualized monitoring, and rigorous glycemic control.