Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: Allergic rhinitis is a highly prevalent respiratory infectious disease in childhood, which has a significant impact on physical, psychological, and social well-being. Its classic symptoms include nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, itching, and sneezing. During childhood, its presentation is related to comorbidities ranging from chronic cough to asthma. Environmental factors play an important role in the development and exacerbation of allergic rhinitis in childhood, with passive smoking being among these factors. Objective: Understand the effects of passive smoking on allergic rhinitis in children. Methodology: This is a systematic review study conducted on the Pubmed, LILACS, Scielo, and IBECS platforms. The following Decs/MeSH descriptors were used: "ALLERGIC RHINITIS," "CHILDREN," "PASSIVE SMOKING," with the boolean operator "AND" and filters: "full text," "English," "Portuguese," "Spanish," within the time frame from 1999 to 2023. Articles unrelated to the topic and outside the proposed timeframe were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 29 articles. Results: According to the studies discussed, passive smoking affects the health of the global population, but children are more susceptible to its effects due to their respiratory and immune systems still being in development. Some authors have demonstrated that the connection between allergic rhinitis in children and passive cigarette exposure is mediated through the sensitization of immunoglobulin type E. However, other studies have shown that there is no relationship between allergic sensitization and cigarette exposure, while others have suggested an inverse relationship. Conclusion: Consequently, it can be concluded by the autor that involuntary exposure to cigarette smoke can lead to various detrimental effects in children with allergic rhinitis, although its exact underlying mechanism is not yet fully elucidated in the literature. Therefore, the need for further studies becomes evident to provide a more comprehensive assessment of this mechanism.
References
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ALERGIA E IMUNOLOGIA. Rinite começa na infância e atinge cerca de 26% das crianças. Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia, 2020. Disponível em: <https://asbai.org.br/rinite-comeca-na-infancia-e-atinge-cerca-de-26-das-criancas2/#:~:text=%C3%89%20ap%C3%B3s%20os%20dois%20anos,cerca%20de%2026%25%20das%20crian%C3%A7as.>. Acesso em: 3 Setembro 2023.
BAENA-CAGNANI, Carlos et al. Impact of environmental tobacco smoke and active tobacco smoking on the development and outcomes of asthma and rhinitis. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Abril 2009. 136-140.
BARLOW, Jilian. M. A. Células linfóides inatas tipo 2 em doenças alérgicas humanas. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clincal Immunology, Outubro 2014. 397-403.
BERTELSEN, RJ; LODRUP CARLSEN, KC; CARLSEN, K-H. Rhinitis in children: Co-morbidities and phenotypes. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 07 Junho 2010. 612-622.
CIACCIO, Christina et al. Association of tobacco smoke exposure and atopic sensitization. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 20 Agosto 2013. 387-390.
DENG, Qihong et al. Early life exposure to traffic-related air pollution and allergic rhinitis in preschool children. Respiratory Medicine, Bethesda, 24 Outubro 2016. 67-73.
EGUILUZ-GRACIA, Ibon et al. The need for clean air: The way air pollution and climate change affect allergic rhinitis and asthma. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bethesda, 30 Janeiro 2020.
FABER, Timor et al. Effect of tobacco control policies on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, Londres, 5 Setembro 2017. 420-437.
FELESZKO, Wojciech et al. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of allergic sensitisation in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 23 Junho 2014. 985-992.
FIGUEIRÓ, Luciana. Z. A. L.; DANTAS, Deise. Thirdhand smoke: quando o perigo vai além do que se vê ou sente. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, 1 Novembro 2016.
GROSZ, Ellen; HENTGES, Camila, S. C. Tabagismo passivo, seus malefícios e relação com o câncer de pulmão. Revista do Centro Universitário FAI, Itapiringa, 21 Julho 2023.
HOFFMAN, Steven; TAN, Charlie. Overview of systematic reviews on the health-related effects of government tobacco control policies. BMC Public Health, Londres, 5 Agosto 2015.
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DO CÂNCER. Tabagismo Passivo - Instituto Nacional do Câncer. gov.br - Ministério da Saúde, 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.gov.br/inca/pt-br/assuntos/causas-e-prevencao-do-cancer/tabagismo/tabagismo-passivo>. Acesso em: 1 Setembro 2023.
JAKKOLA, Maritta et al. Association of indoor dampness and molds with rhinitis risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bethesda, 5 Novembro 2013. 1099-1110.
KEIL, T et al. The natural history of allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 2010. 962–969.
MEIRELLES, Ricardo. Tabagismo e DPOC – dependência e doença – fato consumado. Pulmão RJ, Rio de Janeiro, 1 Janeiro 2009. 13-19.
MELTZER, E. Quality of life in adults and children with allergic rhinitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bethesda, July 2001. S45-S53.
MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE. Fumo passivo para crianças causa problemas respiratórios graves. gov.br, 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2022/dezembro/fumo-passivo-para-criancas-causa-problemas-respiratorios-graves>. Acesso em: 4 Setembro 2023.
NACLERIO, Robert et al. International expert consensus on the management of allergic rhinitis (AR) aggravated by air pollutants Impact of air pollution on patients with AR: Current knowledge and future strategies. World Allergy Organization Journal, 3 Março 2020.
NEWACHECK, Paul; STODDARD, Jeffrey. Prevalence and impact of multiple childhood chronic illnesses. The Journal of Pediatrics, Stanford, 1 Janeiro 1994. 40-48.
ÖBERG, Mattias et al. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. The Lancet, Londres, 26 Novembro 2010. 196-146.
ORGANIZAÇÃO PAN-AMERICANA DE SAÚDE. Tabaco - OPAS/OMS | Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde. Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde, 2023. Disponível em: <https://www.paho.org/pt/topicos/tabaco>. Acesso em: 16 Setembro 2023.
ROBERTS, G et al. Paediatric rhinitis: position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2013. 1102-1116.
SAKANO, Eulalia et al. IV Consenso Brasileiro sobre Rinite - atualização sobre rinite alérgica. Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia, Campinas, 1 Setembro 2018. 3-14.
SAULYTE, Jurgita et al. Active or Passive Exposure to Tobacco Smoking and Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Dermatitis, and Food Allergy in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS Medicine, San Francisco, 25 Março 2014. 1-31.
SCHRAUFNAGEL, Dean et al. Air Pollution and Noncommunicable Diseases A Review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies’ Environmental Comittee. Part 2: Air Pollution and Organ Systems. Chest, Bethesda, 9 Novembro 2018. 417-426.
SILVA, Maria D. G. Adaptação e validação do questionário RQLQ para avaliação da qualidade de vida em crianças e adolescentes com rinite alérgica. Universidade Federal de São Paulo. São Paulo, p. 166. 1999.
SIMSEK, Esen et al. O efeito da exposição passiva à fumaça de tabaco em complicações respiratórias no perioperatório e a duração da repetição. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia, Campinas, 16 Julho 2016. 492-498.
TAMASHIRO, Edwin; COHEN, Noam; PALMER, James, L. W. Effects of cigarette smoking on the respiratory epithelium and its role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, São Paulo, 1 Novembro 2009. 903-907.
WU, Allison; DAHLIN, Amber; WANG, Alberta. The Role of Environmental Risk Factors on the Development of Childhood Allergic Rhinitis. Children, Basel, 8 Agosto 2021.
ZOU, Qi-Yuan et al. Exposure to air pollution and risk of prevalence of childhood allergic rhinitis: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Bethesda, 27 Junho 2018. 82-90.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ana Clara Passos Melo, Arlete Cristina Granizo Santos