Obesidade e Síndrome Metabólica: Mecanismos Hormonais e Abordagem Terapêutica

Abstract

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation, significantly impacting global public health. Its increasing prevalence is associated with various comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Additionally, obesity is closely related to metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic alterations that increase cardiovascular risk and metabolic complications. The disease has a multifactorial origin, involving genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Its treatment requires a comprehensive approach, including lifestyle modifications, medication use, and, in some cases, surgical interventions. Objective: This study evaluates the therapeutic options for obesity treatment, analyzing the effectiveness of new medications and the multidisciplinary approach. It also seeks to explore challenges in obesity management and identify strategies for better long-term outcomes. Methodology: An integrative literature review was conducted using an exploratory and descriptive approach. Scientific articles and dissertations published between 2020 and 2025 were analyzed from databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, SCIELO, and LILACS. The selection criteria included studies addressing therapeutic strategies, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and surgical procedures.

Results and Discussion: A multidisciplinary approach is essential for the long-term success of obesity treatment. Strategies combining dietary re-education, physical activity, behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy have shown greater effectiveness. Medications such as semaglutide and tirzepatide, which regulate appetite and promote weight control, significantly reduced body weight and improved metabolic parameters in clinical trials. Bariatric surgery remains an effective alternative for severe cases. However, challenges such as treatment adherence and psychosocial factors can compromise results, making continuous follow-up essential. Conclusion: Obesity requires an individualized and multidisciplinary treatment approach. The combination of pharmacological, behavioral, and surgical strategies is crucial for therapeutic success. Recent advances, particularly with new medications, show great potential, but maintaining a healthy weight depends on continuous follow-up and psychological support. Raising patient awareness about the importance of treatment adherence is essential to ensure effective and long-lasting results.