Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection on the development of oral lesions

Abstract

Oral squamous papilloma is a benign tumor, whose pathogenesis has been associated with human papillomavirus infection, which can affect any region of the oral cavity, being transmitted through direct contact, sexual intercourse or from mother to child during childbirth. Therefore, this article aimed to investigate the impact of HPV on the development of oral lesions and evaluate the relationship with pre-cancerous lesions, contributing to preventive understanding and early diagnosis of these conditions. To this end, an integrative literature review was carried out with studies retrieved from online databases: PubMed, and Virtual Health Library (LILACS and MEDLINE). The following inclusion criteria were adopted: original complete articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish, available in full, that addressed the topic and with a time frame of the last five years. 241 findings were located, including 10 studies according to the inclusion criteria established for this study. There are more than 100 types of HPV identified, and they are classified into high- and low-risk groups based on their oncogenic properties. Generally, lesions can occur in different regions of the oral cavity, such as the tongue, lips, buccal mucosa, gums and soft palate, manifesting as warts or papillomas. These lesions can be single or multiple, varying in size, color and shape, with an exophytic appearance. The absence of pain is common, however, some patients may report discomfort or irritation. The importance of early detection and appropriate intervention is highlighted to avoid complications and contribute to oral and general health. It is important to pay attention to existing knowledge and emphasize the need for preventive efforts, which are important to combat the spread of HPV and its implications.