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Obesity has become a global public health concern due to its multifaceted ramifications that affect not only individual health but also healthcare systems and the global economy. Treatment strategies for obesity have evolved significantly in recent decades, with bariatric surgery emerging as a prominent therapeutic approach, particularly for morbid obesity and for those who have not responded to conservative approaches. This review covered the most common bariatric techniques, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, adjustable gastric band, and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Each technique was analyzed for its effectiveness, safety profile and possible complications. The results show that, although all procedures are effective in inducing significant weight loss, they present varying degrees of complications and metabolic benefits. Notably, many of the procedures not only facilitate weight loss, but also induce significant improvements or remission of comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes. Discussion focused on the clinical implications of these techniques, highlighting the importance of post-operative follow-up and management. of possible nutritional deficiencies or complications. In conclusion, bariatric surgery is an essential pillar in the treatment of obesity, but long-term success depends on a holistic approach that involves not only surgical intervention but also ongoing patient support and education.
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