INTERACTION BETWEEN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY RELATED METABOLIC DISORDERS AND NON PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are interrelated conditions that have a significant impact on global metabolic health. Obesity contributes to insulin resistance, the central mechanism of T2DM, while T2DM can lead to weight gain. These conditions require integrated interventions involving pharmacological therapies and lifestyle changes such as diet, exercise, and stress management. A systematic literature review was conducted, encompassing 4,325 publications from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library, using keywords related to T2DM, obesity, and non-pharmacological therapies. After a thorough analysis, 28 studies were selected, including randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews. The data analyzed focused on the effects of dietary, physical, and behavioral interventions on glycemic control, weight loss, and metabolic parameters. Non-pharmacological interventions demonstrated substantial benefits in glycemic control, with significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and decreased reliance on hypoglycemic medications. Regular physical exercise, particularly combining aerobic and resistance activities, promoted visceral fat reduction and improved insulin sensitivity. Dietary changes, such as consuming low-glycemic index foods, also showed positive effects. Stress management was crucial in modulating psychosocial factors, enhancing treatment adherence. Barriers such as limited access to healthy resources and obesity-related stigma highlighted the importance of public policies and personalized strategies. The integration of non-pharmacological therapies into T2DM and obesity management provides an effective approach, improving metabolic control, reducing complications, and promoting quality of life. However, socioeconomic challenges and the need for constant follow-up reinforce the importance of inclusive public policies and personalized multidisciplinary approaches. Combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies is essential for more effective and sustainable care.