USE OF PARACETAMOL DURING PREGNANCY AND CHILD NEUROLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

Paracetamol is widely used to treat pain and fever and is considered safe for use during pregnancy. However, recent research suggests that prenatal exposure to this medication may be related to changes in children's neurological development. These changes include an increased risk for disorders like ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) and ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders). Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that the use of paracetamol during pregnancy may affect neurobiological factors, such as BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) expression and endocannabinoid system regulation. Research, such as that by Liew et al. (2014) and Brandlistuen et al. (2013), indicates that prolonged paracetamol use increases the risk of ADHD in exposed children. Animal models also support the hypothesis that paracetamol can interfere with neural formation, affecting cognition and social behavior. Despite these findings, the research has limitations, including insufficient control for confounding factors and reliance on maternal reports, which may be biased. Additionally, variations in dosages and usage periods make it difficult to establish a causal relationship. Systematic reviews show that while the association is significant, the effect is moderate, suggesting that genetic and environmental factors also play a significant role. Therefore, although there is a possible association between paracetamol use during pregnancy and adverse neurological outcomes, causality remains unclear. It is advisable to exercise caution with this medication during pregnancy, using the lowest effective dose for a limited time and always under medical guidance. High-quality longitudinal studies are necessary to better understand these risks and inform clinical practice.