Keywords
Bariatric surgery
How to Cite
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a complex, chronic, progressive, and recurrent disease that affects the health of millions of adults worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To describe the hormonal changes in obese individuals after bariatric and metabolic surgery using different techniques, as well as their implications for body weight control. METHODOLOGY: An integrative review was conducted using the descriptors: "obesity, bariatric surgery, intestinal hormones." The electronic databases Bireme, LILACS, PubMed, and SciELO were used, covering the period from August 2002 to December 2018, with a final selection of 42 articles. RESULTS: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) lead to increased postprandial secretion of satiety hormones, including Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 (GLP-2), Peptide YY (PYY), and Oxyntomodulin (OXM). These changes occur immediately after surgery, even before significant weight loss, while there is a reduction in ghrelin, leptin, and obestatin, and in some RYGB groups, a reduction in glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin and Peptide YY are the gastrointestinal hormones that directly influence weight loss, as ghrelin regulates appetite and PYY promotes increased satiety, resulting in weight loss and maintenance. These hormones should be studied further to help obese individuals maintain the expected body weight control after bariatric surgery.
References
Batterham, R.L.; Cowley, M.A.; Small, C.J.; Herzog,H.; Cohen, M.A.; Dakin, C.L.; Wren, A.M.; Brynes, A.E.; Low, M.J.; Ghatei, M.A.; Cone, R.D.; Bloom, S.R. Gut hormone PYY (3-36) physiologically inhibits food intake. [S.I.]: Nature, n. 418, vol. 6896, 2002. p. 650–654.
Beleli, C.A.V.; Filho, A.C.; Silva, R.M.; Camargo, M.A.; Scopin, D.R. Fatores preditivos na perda ponderal de pacientes submetidos ao Bypass Gástrico em Y-de-Roux. Bariátrica e Metabólica Ibero-Americana. 2011; 1:16-23.
Borg, C.M.; le Roux, C.W., Ghatei M.A.; Bloom, S.R.; Patel, A.G.; Aylwin S.J. Progressive rise in gut hormone levels after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass suggests gut adaptation and explains altered satiety. [S.I.]: Br J Surg, n. 93, vol. 2, 2006. p. 210–215.
Bose, J.; Babourina, O.; Rengel, Z. Role of magnesium in alleviation of aluminium toxicity in plants. J Exp Bot. 2011 Apr;62(7):2251-64.
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Vigitel Brasil 2018: vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico. Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria de Gestão Estratégica e Participativa. Brasília: 2019.
Cazzo, E.; Pareja, J.C.; Chaim, E.A.; Geloneze, B.; Barreto, M.R.; Magro, D.O. GLP-1 and GLP-2 levels are correlated with satiety regulationafter Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: results of an exploratory prospective study. [S.I.]: Obes Surg, n. 27, vol. 3, 2017. p. 703–708.
Christou, N.V.; Look, D.; Mclean, A.P. Pre- and post-prandial plasma ghrelin levels do not correlate with satiety or failure to achieve a successful outcome after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. [S.I.] Obes Surg. n. 15, vol. 7, 2005. P.1017–1023.
Cohen, M.A.; Ellis, S.M.; Le Roux, C.W.; Batterham, R.L.; Park, A.; Patterson, M.; Frost, G.S.; Ghatei, M.A.; Bloom, S.R. Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans. [S.I.]: J Clin Endocrinol Metab, n. 88, vol. 10, 2003. p. 4696–701.
Cummings, D.E.; Weigle, D.S.; Frayo, R.S.; Breen, P.A.; Ma, M.K.; Dellinger, E.P.; Purnell, J.Q. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(21):1623-30.
Dimitriadis, G.K.; Randeval, M.S.; Miraz, A.D. Potential Hormone Mechanisms of Bariatric Surgery. [S.I.]: Curr. Obes., n.6, 2017. p. 253–265.
Diniz, Mde F.; Azeredo Passos, V.M.; Diniz, M.T. Bariatric surgery and the gut-brain communication--the state of the art three years later. [S.I.] Nutrition, n. 26, vol. 10, 2010. P. 925–931. Diniz, M., Azeredo Passos, V. M., & Diniz, M. T
Dixon, A.F.R.; Dixon, J.B.; O’Brien, P.E. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding induces prolonged satiety: a randomized blind crossover study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(2):813-9.
Dockray, G.J. Cholecystokinin and gut-brain signalling. [S.I.]: Regul Pept, n. 155, vol. 1-3, 2009. p. 6–10.
Donato Júnior, J.; Pedrosa, R.G.; Tirapegui, J. Aspectos atuais da regulação do peso corporal: ação da leptina no desequilíbrio energético. Rev Bras de Ciências Farmacêuticas Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences vol. 40, n. 3, jul./set., 2004
Erdmann, J.; Töpsch, R.; Lippl, F.; Gussmann, P.; Schusdziarra, V. Postprandial response of plasma ghrelin levels to various test meals in relation to food intake, plasma insulin, and glucose. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):3048-54.
Estall, J.L.; Drucker, D.J. Glucagon-like peptide-2. [S.I.]: Annu Rev Nutr, n. 26, 2006. p. 391-411.
Evangelista, L.F.; Campos, J.M. Evolução histórica e avaliação da Eficácia da cirurgia bariátrica. In: BURGOS, G. (org.) Nutrição em cirurgia bariátrica. Rio de Janeiro: Rubio, 2011.
Fandiño, J.; Benchimol, A.K.; Coutinho, W.F.; Appolinário, J.C. Cirurgia bariátrica: aspectos clínico-cirúrgicos e psiquiátricos. Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul 2004;26(1):47-51.
Frühbeck, G.; Diez-Caballero, A.; Gil, M.J.; Montero, I.; Gómez-Ambrosi, J.; Salvador, J.; Cienfuegos, J.A. The decrease in plasma ghrelin concentrations following bariatric surgery depends on the functional integrity of the fundus. [S.I.]: Obes Surg, n, 14, vol. 5, 2004a. p. 606–12.
Frühbeck, G.; Rotellar, F.; Hernández-Lizoain, J.L.; Gil, M.J.; Gómez-Ambrosi, J.; Salvador, J.; Cienfuegos, J.A. Fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations 6 months after gastric bypass are not determined by weight loss or changes in insulinemia. Obes Surg. 2004b Oct;14(9):1208-15.
Garcia-Fuentes, E.; Garrido-Sanchez, L.; Garcia-Almeida, J.M.; Garcia-Arnes, J.; Gallego-Perales, J.L.; Rivas-Marin, J.; Morcillo, S.; Cardona. I.; Soriguer, F. Different effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and open biliopancreatic diversion of Scopinaro on serum PYY and ghrelin levels. [S.I.]: Obes Surg, n.18, vol. 11, 2008. p.1424–1429.
Gigante, D.P.; Dias-da-Costa, J.S.; Olinto, M.T.A.; Menezes, A.M.B.; Silvia, M. Obesidade da população adulta de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil e associação com nível sócio-econômico. Cad Saúde Pública 2006; 22:1873-79.
Gourcerol, G.; Tache, Y. Obestatin – a ghrelin-associated peptide that does not hold its promise to suppress food intake and motility. Neurogastroenterol Motil (2007) 19, 161–165
Grong, E.; Græslie, H.; Munkvold, B.; Arbo, I.B.; Kulseng, B.E.; Waldum, H.L.; Mårvik, R. Gastrin secretion after bariatric surgery-response to a protein-rich mixed meal following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a pilot study in normoglycemic women.[S.I.]: Obes Surg, n. 26, vol. 7, 2016. p. 1448–1456.
Guidone, C.; Manco, M.; Valera-Mora, E.; Iaconelli, A.; Gniuli, D.; Mari, A.; Nanni, G.; Castagneto, M.; Calvani, M.; Mingrone, G. Mechanisms of recovery from type 2 diabetes after malabsorptive bariatric surgery. [S.I.]: Diabetes, n. 55, vol. 7, 2006. p. 2025–2031.
Haider, D.G.; Schindler, K.; Prager, G.; Bohdjalian, A.; Luger, A.; Wolzt, M.; Ludvik, B. Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Is Reduced after Weight Loss in Morbidly Obese Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, March 2007, 92(3):1168–1171
Halpern, Z.S.C.; Rodrigues, M.D.B.; Costa, R.F. Determinantes fisiológicos do controle do peso e apetite. [S.I.]: Psisq. clin., n.31, vol.4, 2004. p. 150-153.
Hameed S.; Dhillo, W.S.; Bloom, S.R. Gut hormones and apetite control. Oral Dis. 2009;15(1):18-26.
Hanusch-Enserer, U.; Brabant, G.; Roden, M. Ghrelin concentrations in morbidly obese patients after adjustable gastric banding. N Engl. J Med, n. 348, vol. 21, 2003. p. 2159–2160.
Hedberg, J.; Hedenström, H.; Nilsson, S.; Sundbom, M.; Gustavsson, S. Role of gastric acid in stomal ulcer after gastric bypass. [S.I.]: Obes Surg, n. 15, vol. 10, 2005. p. 375–378.
Hidalgo, L.; Clavé, P.; Estorch, M.; Rodriguez-Espinosa, J.; Rovati, L.; Greeley Jr, G.H.; Capellà, G.; Lluís, F. Effect of cholecystokinin-A receptor blockade on postprandial insulinaemia and gastric emptying in humans. Neurogastroenterol Mot 2002;14:519-25. Disponível em: . Acesso em 5 aug 2005.
Hojo, V.E.S.; Melo, J.M.; Nobre, L.N. Alterações hormonais após cirurgia bariátrica. Rev Bras Nutr Clin. 2007;22(1):77-82.
Holdstock, C.; Engstrom, B.E.; Ohrvall, M.; Lind, L.; Sundbom, M.; Karlsson, F.A. Ghrelin and adipose tissue regulatory peptides: effect of gastric bypass surgery in obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(7):3177-83.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008- 2009: antropometria e estado nutricional de crianças, adolescentes e adultos do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; 2010.
Ionut, V.; Hucking, K.; Liberty, I.F.; Bergman, R.N. Synergistic effect of portal glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 to lower systemic glucose and stimulate counter-regulatory hormones. [S.I.]: Diabetologia, n. 48, vol. 5, 2005. p. 967–75.
Ionut, V.; Bergman, R.N. Mechanisms Responsible for Excess Weight Loss after Bariatric Surgery. [S. I.]: J Diabetes Sci Technol. n. 5, vol. 5, 2011. p. 1263-1282.
Isbell, J.M.; Tamboli, R.A.; Hansen, E.N.; Saliba, J.; Dunn, J.P.; Phillips, S.E.; Marks-Shulman, P.A.; Abumrad, N.N. The importance of caloric restriction in the early improvements in insulin sensitivity after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. [S.I.]: Diabetes Care, n. 33, vol. 7, 2010. p.1438–1442.
Jacobsen, S.H.; Olesen, S.C.; Dirksen, C.; Jørgensen, N.B.; Bojsen-Møller, K.N.; Kielgast, U.; Worm, D.; Almdal, T.; Naver. L.S.; Hvolris, L.E.; Rehfeld, J.F.; Wulff, B.S.; Clausen, T.R.; Hansen, D.L.; Holst, J.J.; Madsbad, S. Changes in gastrointestinal hormone responses, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function within 2 weeks after gastric bypass in non-diabetic subjects. [S.I.]: Obes. Surg. n. 22, vol.7, 2012. p. 1084–1096.
Joia-Neto, L.; Lopes-Junior, A.G.; Jacob, C.E. Digestive and metabolic changes inpostoperstive bariatric surgery. Arq Bras Cir Dig, 2010;23(4):266-9
Karamanakos, S.N.; Vagenas, K.; Kalfarentzos, F.; Alexandrides, T.K. Weight loss, appetite suppression, and changes in fasting and postprandial ghrelin and peptide-YY levels after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective, double blind study. [S.I.]: Ann Surg, n.247, vol. 3, 2008. p. 401–407.
Kojima, H.; Kangawa, K. Ghrelin: from gene to physiological function. Results Probl Cell Differ, [S.I.:s.n], n. 50, 2010. p.185–205.
Korner, J.; Bessler, M.; Cirilo, L.J.; Conwell, I.M. Effects of rouxen-y gastric bypass surgery on fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma ghrelin, peptide YY, and Insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(1):359-65.
Korner, J.; Inabnet, W.; Conwell, I.M.; Taveras, C.; Daud, A.; Olivero-Rivera, L.; Restuccia, N.L.; Bessler, M. Differential effects of gastric bypass and banding on circulating gut hormone and leptin levels. [S.I.]: Obesity, n. 14, vol. 9, 2006. p. 1553–61.
Korner, J.; Inabnet, W.; Febres, G.; Conwell, I.M.; McMahon, D.J.; Salas, R.; Taveras C.; Schrope, B.; Bessler, M. Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. London: Int J Obes, n. 33, vol. 7, 2009. p.786–795.
Laferrère, B.; Swerdlow, N.; Bawa, B.; Arias, S.; Bose, M.; Oliván, B.; Teixeira, J.; McGinty, J.; Rother, K.I. Rise of oxyntomodulin in response to oral glucose after gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. [S.I.]: J Clin Endocrinol Metab, n. 95, vol. 8, 2010. p.4072–4076.
Langer, F.B.; Reza Hoda, M.A.; Bohdjalian, A.; Felberbauer, F.X.; Zacherl, J.; Wenzl, E.; Schindler, K.; Luger, A.; Ludvik, B.; Prager, G. Sleeve gastrectomy and gastric banding: effects on plasma ghrelin levels. Obes Surg. 2005 Aug;15(7):1024-9.
Leonetti, F.; Silecchia, G.; Iacobellis, G. Different plasma ghrelin levels after laparoscopic gastric bypass and adjustable gastric banding in morbid obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(9):4227-31. Disponível em: . Acesso em 13 jun 2005.
le Roux, C.W.; Welbourn, R.; Werling, M.; Osborne, A.; Kokkinos, A.; Laurenius, A.; Lönroth, H.; Fändriks, L.; Ghatei, M.A.; Bloom, S.R.; Olbers, T. Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. [S.I.]: Ann Surg, n. 246, vol. 5, 2007. p. 780–785.
le Roux CW, Borg C, Wallis K, Vincent RP, Bueter M, Goodlad R, Ghatei MA, Patel A, Bloom SR, Aylwin SJ. Gut hypertrophy after gastric bypass is associated with increased glucagon-like peptide 2 and intestinal crypt cell proliferation. [S.I.]: Ann Surg, n.252, vol. 1, 2010. p. 50–56.
Lin, E.; Gletsu, N.; Fugate, K.; McClusky, D.; Gu, L.H.; Zhu, J.L.; Ramshaw, B.J.; Papanicolaou, D.A.; Ziegler, T.R.; Smith, C.D. The effects of gastric surgery on systemic ghrelin levels in the morbidly obese. Arch Surg. 2004;139(7):780-4.
Liu, R.; Wei, N.; Guo, W.; Qiang, O.; Li, X.; Ou, Y.; Huang, W.; Tang, C.W. Octreotide alleviates obesity by reducing intestinal glucose absorption and inhibiting low-grade inflammation. [S.I.]: Eur J Nutr, n.52, vol. 3, 2013. p. 1067–1075.
Lopez, P.P.; Patel, N.A.; Koche L.S. Outpatient complications encountered following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Med Clin North Am. 2007; 91:471-83.
MacLean, P.S.; Blundell, J.E.; Mennella, J.A.; Batterham, R.L. Biological control of appetite: A daunting complexity. [S.I.]: Obesity, supl. 1, 2017. p. 8-16.
Maniglia, F.P.; Marineli, R.S.; Filho, J.M.; Portero-McLellan, K.C. Alterações e adaptações hormonais relacionadas ao apetite no pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica. Rev Bras Nutr Clin 2012; 27 (3): 199-203
Mans, E.; Serra-Prat, M.; Palomera, E.; Suñol, X.; Clavé, P. Sleeve gastrectomy effects on hunger, satiation, and gastrointestinal hormone and motility responses after a liquid meal test. [S.I.]: Am J Clin Nutr., n.102, vol. 3, 2015. p. 540–547.
Marfella, R.; Barbieri, M.; Ruggiero, R.; Rizzo, M.R.; Grella, R.; Mozzillo, A.L.; Docimo, L.; Paolisso, G. Bariatric surgery reduces oxidative stress by blunting 24-h acute glucose fluctuations in type 2 diabetic obese patients. [S.I.]: Diabetes Care, n. 33, vol. 2, 2010. p. 287–289.
Mariath, A,B.; Grillo, L.P.; Silva, R.O.; Schmitz, P.; Campos, I.C.; Medina, J.R.P.; Kruger, R.M. Obesidade e fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis entre usuários de unidade de alimentação e nutrição. Cad Saúde Pública 2007; 23:897-905.
Martins, M.V.D.C. Porque o “by-pass” gástrico em Y de Roux é atualmente a melhor cirurgia para tratamento da obesidade. Rev Bras Video-Cirurgia. 2005;3(2):102-4.
McIntosh, C.H.; Widenmaier, S.; Kim, S.J. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; GIP). Vitam Horm. 2009;80:409-71.
Miyawaki, K.; Yamada, Y.; Ban, N.; Ihara, Y.; Tsukiyama, K.; Zhou, H.; Fujimoto, S.; Oku, A.; Tsuda, K.; Toyokuni, S.; Hiai, H.; Mizunoya, W.; Fushiki, T.; Holst, J.J.; Makino, M.; Tashita, A.; Kobara, Y.; Tsubamoto, Y.; Jinnouchi, T.; Jomori, T.; Seino, Y. Inhibition of gastric inhibitory polypeptide signaling prevents obesity. [S.I.]: Nat Med, n. 8, vol. 7, 2002. p.738–742.
Morínigo, R.; Vidal, J.; Lacy, A.M.; Delgado, S.; Casamitjana, R.; Gomis, R. Circulating peptide YY, weight loss, and glucose homeostasis after gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. [S.I.]: Ann Surg, n.247, vol. 2, 2008. p. 270–275.
Morínigo, R.; Lacy, A.M.; Casamitjana, R.; Delgado, S.; Gomis, R.; Vidal, J. GLP-1 and changes in glucose tolerance following gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. [S.I.]: Obes Surg, n.16, vol.12, 2006. p. 1594–1601.
Näslund, E.; King, N.; Mansten, S.; Adner, N.; Holst, J.J.; Gutniak, M.; Hellström, P.M. Prandial subcutaneous injections of glucagon-like peptide-1 cause weight loss in obese human subjects. [S.I.]: Br J Nutr, n. 91, vol. 3, 2004. p. 439–446.
Nora, C.; Morais, T.; Nora, M.; Coutinho, J.; Carmo, I.; Mariana, P.; Monteiro, M.P. Gastrectomia vertical e bypass gástrico no tratamento da síndrome metabólica. Revista Portuguesa de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo, v. 11, n. 1, p. 23–29, 2016.
Novais, P.F.S.; Junior, I.R.; Leite, C.V.S.; Oliveira, M.R.M. Evolução e classificação do peso corporal em relação aos resultados da cirurgia bariátrica – derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2010;54(3):303-10
Perathoner, A.; Weiss, H.; Santner, W.; Brandacher, G.; Laimer, E.; Höller, E.; Aigner, F.; Klaus, A. Vagal nerve dissection during pouch formation in laparoscopic Roux-Y-gastric bypass for technical simplification: does it matter? [S.I.]: Obes Surg, n.19, vol. 4, 2009. p. 412–417.
Peterli, R.; Wölnerhanssen, B.; Peters, T.; Devaux, N.; Kern, B.; Christoffel-Courtin, C.; Drewe, J.; von Flüe, M.; Beglinger, C. Improvement in glucose metabolism after bariatric surgery: comparison of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective randomized trial. [S.I.]: Ann Surg. n. 250, vol. 2, 2009. p. 234–41.
Peterli, R.; Steinert, R.E.; Woelnerhanssen, B.; Peters, T.; Christoffel-Courtin, C.; Gass, M.; Kern, B.; von Fluee, M.; Beglinger, C. Metabolic and hormonal changes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a randomized, prospective trial. [S.I.]: Obes Surg., n. 22, vol. 5, 2012. P.740–748.
Pocai, A.; Carrington, P.E.; Adams, J.R.; Wright, M.; Eiermann, G.; Zhu, L.; Du, X.; Petrov, A.; Lassman, M.E.; Jiang, G.; Liu, F.; Miller, C.; Tota, L.M.; Zhou, G.; Zhang, X.; Sountis, M.M.; Santoprete, A.; Capitò, E.; Chicchi, G.G.; Thornberry, N.; Bianchi, E.; Pessi, A.; Marsh, D.J.; SinhaRoy, R. Glucagon-like peptide 1/glucagon receptor dual agonism reverses obesity in mice. [S.I.]: Diabetes, n. 58, vol. 10, 2009. p. 2258–66.
Pournaras, D.J.; Le Roux, C.W. Obesity, gut hormones, and bariatric surgery. World J Surg 2009;33:1983-8 – a.
Pournaras, D.J.; Le Roux, C.W. The effect of bariatric surgery on gut hormones that alter appetite. Diabetes Metab. 2009 Dec;35(6 Pt 2):508-12 – b.
Puglia, C.R. Indicações para o tratamento operatório da obesidade mórbida. Rev Assoc Méd Bras 2004; 50:118.
Ramos, A.L; Cirurgia Bariátrica: a situação atual do Brasil. 2016. Disponível em: https://abeso.org.br/cirurgia-bariatrica-a-situacao-atual-do-brasil. Acesso em: 20 out. 2020.
Rehfeld, J.F. A centenary of gastrointestinal endocrinology. [S.I.]: Horm Metab Res, n. 36, vol. 11-12, 2004. p. 735–41.
Reinehr, T.; Roth, C.L.; Schernthaner, G.H.; Kopp, H.P.; Kriwanek, S.; Schernthaner, G. Peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 in morbidly obese patients before and after surgically induced weight loss. [S.I.]: Obes Surg, n. 17, vol. 12, 2007. p. 1571–1577.
Romero, C.E.M.; Zanesco, A. O papel dos hormônios leptina e grelina na gênese da obesidade. Rev Nutr. 2006;19(1): 85-91.
Romero, C.E.M.; Zanesco, A. O papel da leptina e grelina na sua patogênese- possíveis implicações futuras na terapêutica [dissertação]. Covilhé:faculdade de Ciências da Saúde/UBI: 2008.
Rumpler, W.V.; Kramer, M.; Rhodes, D.G.; Paul, D.R. The impact of the covert manipulation of macronutrient intake on energy intake and the variability in daily food intake in nonobese men. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006; 30(5):774-81.
Safatle-Ribeiro, A.V.; Petersen, P.A.; Pereira Filho, D.S.; Corbett, C.E.; Faintuch, J.; Ishida, R.; Sakai, P.; Cecconello, I.; Ribeiro, U.Jr. Epithelial cell turnover is increased in the excluded stomach mucosa after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. [S.I.]: Obes Surg, n. 23, vol.10, 2013. p. 616–623.
Sandoval, D.A.; Davis, S.N. Leptin: metabolic control and the regulation. J Diabetes Complications. 2003;17(2):108-13.
Santos, L.A. Avaliação Nutricional de Pacientes Obesos Antes e Seis Meses Após a Cirurgia Bariátrica. 2007. 156f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência de Alimentos) – Faculdade de Farmácia da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 2007.
Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Bariátrica e Metabólica. Consenso Bariátrico; 2008. [acesso em 2011 Dez 22]. Disponível em: http://www.sbcbm.org.br/membrosconsensobariatrico.php
Shah, M.; Simha, V.; Garg, A. Review: Long term impact of bariatric surgery on body weight, comorbidities, and nutritional status. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.2006; 91: 4223–4231.
Shak, J.R.; Roper, J.; Perez-Perez, G.I.; Tseng, C.H.; Francois, F.; Gamagaris, Z.; Patterson, C.; Weinshel, E.; Fielding, G.A.; Ren, C.; Blaser, M.J. The effect of laparoscopic gastric banding surgery on plasma levels of appetite-control, insulinotropic, and digestive hormones.[S.I.]: Obes Surg, n. 18, vol. 9, 2008. p.1089–1096.
Sichieri, R.; Moura, E.C. Análise multinível das variações no índice de massa corporal entre adultos, Brasil, 2006. Rev Saúde Pública 2009; 43 Suppl 2:90-7.
Sillakivi, T.; Suumann, J.; Kirsimägi, U.; Peetsalu, A. Plasma levels of gastric biomarkers in patients after bariatric surgery: biomarkers after bariatric surgery. [S.I.]: Hepato-Gastroenterology, n. 60, vol. 128, 2013. p. 2129–2132.
Strader, A.D.; Vahl, T.P.; Jandacek, R.J.; Woods, S.C.; D'Alessio, D.A.; Seeley, R.J. Weight loss through ileal transposition is accompanied by increased ileal hormone secretion and synthesis in rats. [S.I.]: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, n. 288, vol. 2, 2005. p.447–453.
Sundbom, M.; Holdstock, C.; Engström, B.E.; Karlsson, F.A. Early changes in ghrelin following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: influence of vagal nerve functionality? [S.I.]: Obes Surg, n. 17, vol. 3, 2007. p. 304–310.
Valderas, J.P.; Irribarra, V.; Boza, C.; de la Cruz, R.; Liberona, Y.; Acosta, A.M.; Yolito, M.; Maiz, A. Medical and surgical treatments for obesity have opposite effects on peptide YY and appetite: a prospective study controlled for weight loss. [S.I.]: J Clin Endocrinol Metab, n. 95, vol. 3, 2010. p.1069–1075.
Valverde, I.; Puente, J.; Martín-Duce, A.; Molina, L.; Lozano, O.; Sancho, V.; Malaisse, W.J.; Villanueva-Peñacarrillo, M.L. Changes in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion after biliopancreatic diversion or vertical banded gastroplasty in obese subjects. [S.I.]: Obes Surg, n.15, vol. 3, 2005. p. 387–397.
Varghese, S.Z.; Tan, T.; Bloom, SR. Hormonal interactions between gut and brain.[S.I.]: Discov Med, n. 10, vol. 55, 2010. p. 543–52.
Vidal, J.; Nicolau, J.; Romero, F.; Casamitjana, R.; Momblan, D.; Conget, I.; Morínigo, R.; Lacy, A.M. Long-term effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 and islet function in morbidly obese subjects. [S.I.]: J Clin Endocrinol Metab, n.94, vol. 3, 2009. p. 884–891.
Vincent, R.P.; le Roux, C.W. Changes in gut hormones after bariatric surgery. [S.I.]: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), n. 69, vol. 2, 2008. p. 173–179.
Waitzberg, D. L. et al. Obesidade mórbida: tratamento cirúrgico, 3. ed. São Paulo: Atheneu, 2017.
Whitson, B.A.; Leslie, D.B.; Kellogg, T.A.; Maddaus, M. A.; Buchwald, H.; Billington, C. J.; Ikramuddin, S. Entero-endocrine changes after gastric bypass in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: a preliminary study.[S.I.]: J Surg Res, n. 141, vol. 1, 2007. p. 31–39.
Wilson-Pérez, H.E.; Chambers, A.P.; Sandoval, D.A.; Stefater, M.A.; Woods, S.C.; Benoit, S.C.; Seeley, R.J. The effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on food choice in rats. London. Int J Obes. 2013 (a). ed. 37. p. 288–295
Witte, A.B.; Grybäck, P.; Holst, J.J.; Hilsted, L.; Hellström, P.M.; Jacobsson, H.; Schmidt, P.T. Differential effect of PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 on gastric emptying in man. [S.I.]: Regul Pept, n.158, vol.1, 2009. p. 57–62.
Wynne, K.; Park, A.J.; Small, C.J.; Patterson, M.; Ellis, S.M.; Murphy, K.G.; Wren, A.M.; Frost, G.S.; Meeran, K.; Ghatei, M.A.; Bloom, S.R. Subcutaneous oxyntomodulin reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. [S.I.]: Diabetes, n. 54, vol. 8, 2005. p. 2390-2395.
Wynne, K.; Bloom, S.R. The role of oxyntomodulin and peptide tyrosine-tirosine (PYY) in apetite control. [S.I.]: Nature. 2006 (a). p. 612-20.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Maria Lucidalva Duda Santana, Silvia Helena Nardi Baroni, João Carlos Fonseca da Silva, Maria Goretti Pessoa de Araújo Burgos, Sílvia Alves da Silva