Hyperadrenocorticism in dogs: a review

Abstract

Introduction: Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is one of the most common endocrinopathies in dogs, characterized by high levels of circulating glucocorticoids, mostly affecting middle-aged to elderly dogs. Its causes include excessive production of glucocorticoids by the pituitary gland or adrenals, and it can be induced iatrogenically by prolonged use of glucocorticoids. Objective: To review the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and ongoing management of the disease. Methodology: A narrative literature review was conducted with searches in databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Scielo, covering studies between 2004 and 2024. Articles that dealt directly with the diagnosis, treatment and clinical manifestations of CAH in small animals were included. Results and Discussion: CAH is a disease that can be pituitary-dependent (HAC-HD) or adrenal-dependent (HAC-AD). Diagnosis is made by laboratory tests, such as the dexamethasone suppression test and ACTH stimulation, as well as imaging tests such as ultrasound and MRI. Treatment can be clinical, with the use of drugs such as Trilostane and Mitotane, or surgical, such as adrenalectomy for unilateral adrenal tumors. Clinical signs include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, alopecia and abdominal distension, often confused with symptoms of ageing. Conclusion: CAH is a chronic condition that requires early diagnosis and ongoing treatment to control cortisol levels and improve dogs' quality of life. Veterinary follow-up is essential to adjust therapies and prevent complications.