Urolithiasis in dogs and cats: diagnosis and surgical and non-surgical indications

Abstract

Introduction: Urolithiasis is a common condition that affects the urinary tract of dogs and cats, leading to the formation of stones that can result in cystitis or serious obstructions. These stones vary in composition, with struvite and calcium oxalate being the most common. The condition mainly affects specific breeds and age groups, requiring careful management due to high recurrence rates and variability in response to treatment. Objective: The aim of this study is to review diagnostic methods and surgical and non-surgical treatment options for urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Methodology: A narrative literature review was carried out, searching the PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect databases. Articles were selected based on their relevance, covering publications on the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of urolithiasis in small animals. Results and Discussion: Urolithiasis in dogs and cats has various causes, such as diet, genetic predisposition and anatomical factors. Diagnosis is made using laboratory tests, radiography and ultrasound, with tomography being a recommended tool in complex cases. Surgical treatment, such as cystotomy and urethrotomy, is indicated in situations of obstruction or large stones. Non-surgical treatment, including drug dissolution and dietary changes, can be effective for struvite and urate stones. Lithotripsy, which uses shock waves to fragment stones, is a less invasive alternative, but its high cost and limited availability restrict its use. The high recurrence rates reinforce the importance of preventive management and regular follow-up. Conclusion: Urolithiasis in dogs and cats is a challenging condition that requires accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment. Although surgical treatment is often necessary in severe cases, less invasive methods such as dietary changes and drug dissolution are effective in certain cases. Ongoing veterinary follow-up is essential to prevent recurrences and ensure the health of affected animals.