Diffuse Axonal Injury Syndrome: Clinical Reviews and Imaging Techniques.

Abstract

Introduction: Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) is a severe type of brain damage typically caused by severe traumatic brain injuries. This syndrome is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates, necessitating precise diagnostics and individualized treatment plans. Objective: To provide a comprehensive overview of the DAI syndrome, covering its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and advanced imaging techniques used in its diagnosis and follow-up. Methodology: A systematic review of articles published in the last decade was conducted, selected from databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, using specific keywords. Only peer-reviewed studies available in English and Spanish were evaluated. Results and Discussion: DAI is highly prevalent among young men and is associated with risk factors such as hypoxia and hypotension. Advanced imaging techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) have improved lesion detection, although challenges in accessibility and cost remain. Studies show that morbidity and mortality rates remain high, emphasizing the need for more effective preventive and therapeutic approaches. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for the management of DAI to improve clinical outcomes. Innovations in imaging techniques and personalized therapeutic approaches offer promising opportunities, but ongoing research and international collaboration are required to overcome existing barriers and optimize treatment.