EVIDÊNCIAS DO TRATAMENTO E DA PROFILAXIA DA PRÉ-ECLÂMPSIA NA GESTAÇÃO

Abstract

Introduction: Preeclampsia is a multifactorial and multisystemic disease specific to pregnancy. It is classically diagnosed by the presence of arterial hypertension associated with proteinuria in a previously normotensive pregnant woman after the 20th week of gestation. Objective: To gather updated evidence on the treatment and prophylaxis of preeclampsia. Methodology: This is a literature review, with a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory and explanatory approach. In addition, because it is a literature review, it also has a bibliographic approach. As this is a literature review, a search was carried out in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases, between the years 2018 to 2024, using the following keywords: “preeclampsia”, “eclampsia”, “prevention”, “treatment” combined with the AND and OR operators. Results and Discussion: When conducting searches in PubMed, the search registered 171 articles, of which 158 were excluded based on the title and abstract, while in Google Scholar, 130 publications were registered, of which 123 were excluded based on the same criteria, in addition, they presented deviations from the topic and/or addressed a perspective different from that projected by the work. Therefore, 20 studies satisfied the proposal of the present review. Management is based on general principles, on the non-pharmacological and pharmacological clinical treatment of serious or non-serious situations with emphasis on pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and hypertensive crisis. Prevention of pre-eclampsia is the best way to avoid unfavorable outcomes during pregnancy. Aspirin is universally recommended for high-risk women to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia. The recommended dose and gestational age at onset vary. Magnesium sulfate is the first-choice medication, which aims to stop eclampsia seizures and prevent recurrence of seizures and complications, while antihypertensives are for adequate control of blood pressure in order to effectively reduce the risk of death or acute complications and poor pregnancy outcomes. The most urgent part of the treatment is the life-saving procedure. Conclusion: Preeclampsia is a serious condition that can affect pregnant women in the 20th week of pregnancy, therefore, prenatal care accompanied by a doctor is essential, especially if the pregnancy is high-risk, and referral to an obstetrician is necessary.

Keywords: Preeclampsia. Eclampsia. Prevention. Treatment.