A REVIEW OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Abstract

The present article examined the impacts and implications of therapeutic innovations in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. It addressed the role of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which, in addition to controlling glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, have been shown to reduce hospitalizations for heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. Testosterone replacement therapy was also discussed, which, while offering benefits for cardiac function in men with hormone deficiency, required careful monitoring due to potential thrombotic risks. The COVID-19 pandemic brought additional challenges, particularly related to cardiovascular complications such as myocarditis and thrombosis. The therapeutic response included the use of anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant medications. Furthermore, the article explored the interrelationship between mental and cardiovascular health, noting that proper management of mental disorders can reduce the risk of heart disease. The adverse impacts of electronic cigarette use on the cardiovascular system were also discussed, highlighting the need for greater regulation and public awareness. Additionally, substances such as asymmetric dimethylarginine, L-arginine, and L-citrulline were identified as potentially beneficial for modulating endothelial function. The study also addressed the physiological changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy and the importance of rigorous monitoring to prevent complications. It was concluded that technological innovations, such as remote monitoring devices and precision medicine, represent the future of cardiovascular treatment, offering more personalized approaches. The article concluded by emphasizing the importance of continuous research and interdisciplinary collaboration to advance the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and promote global health.