DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SEPSIS: RECENT ADVANCES AND PERSISTENT CHALLENGES

Abstract

Sepsis remains a major cause of mortality in critical care, necessitating ongoing advancements in both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This study provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in sepsis management, focusing on innovations in early detection and treatment. Advanced biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have enhanced diagnostic accuracy, while sophisticated imaging techniques, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound, have improved identification of infection sources and assessment of organ dysfunction. Molecular tests, notably real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), facilitate precise pathogen detection, enabling targeted antimicrobial therapy. Therapeutic advancements include strategies aimed at modulating the inflammatory response and immunomodulatory therapies, which have shown promise in reducing mortality among severe sepsis patients. However, variability in patient response and potential adverse effects present ongoing challenges. The implementation of standardized clinical protocols, such as those recommended by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, has significantly improved clinical outcomes by ensuring timely antibiotic administration and fluid resuscitation. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, including patient heterogeneity and the need for personalized treatment approaches. Future research should focus on optimizing the integration of biomarkers, imaging, and advanced therapies to meet individual patient needs and enhance clinical outcomes. Continued innovation and evidence-based practice are crucial for reducing sepsis-related mortality and improving patient quality of life.