PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR PRE-ECLAMPSIA IN PREGNANT WOMEN

Abstract

Preeclampsia is a serious disease of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and organ failure in premature women. Prevalence varies depending on known risk factors, including history of preeclampsia, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, obesity, and multiple pregnancies. The exact cause is still unknown, but genetic, immunological and blood disorders are thought to play a role. The placenta plays an important role in the development of preeclampsia. The adverse effects of trophoblastic invasion and vascular remodeling result in a lack of oxygen and nutrients in the placenta, leading to the release of vasoactive and pro-inflammatory substances into the maternal circulation. Furthermore, maternal mortality associated with preeclampsia is accompanied by clinical symptoms such as anemia, proteinuria, hematological disorders, liver disease, kidney damage, and cerebrovascular changes. The diagnosis is based on the presence of hemorrhagic syndrome combined with signs of proteinuria and organ failure after 20 weeks of gestation. Treatment methods are multifaceted and, in mild cases, bed rest, salt restriction and increased fluid intake are recommended. However, in severe cases, anticoagulants such as magnesium sulfate should be used to prevent seizures and reduce the risk of maternal and fetal complications. The diagnosis of pre-eclampsia also depends on the severity of the disease and the time of delivery. Serious complications may occur, including eclampsia, kidney disease, bleeding, and fetal growth restriction. Finally, measures to prevent preeclampsia, such as the use of low-dose aspirin in high-risk pregnant women and early intervention for women with a history of preeclampsia, may reduce risk and improve outcomes. Understanding risk factors, underlying mechanisms, early diagnosis, and treatment options are important for improving maternal and fetal outcomes.